ピリオドはどこに置く? 本文中引用の句読点規則

APA 7、パラフレーズ:

Sleep loss impairs next-day recall (Ferreira, 2021).

APA 7、引用:

Sleep loss "degrades working memory within a single night" (Ferreira, 2021, p. 88).

MLA 9、パラフレーズ:

Sleep loss impairs next-day recall (Ferreira 88).

MLA 9、引用:

Sleep loss "degrades working memory within a single night" (Ferreira 88).

Chicago 18、注番号:

Sleep loss "degrades working memory within a single night."¹

Chicago 18、注:

1. Nadia Ferreira, Attention and the Learning Brain (Halcyon Academic Press, 2021), 88.

Chicago 18、author-date:

Sleep loss impairs next-day recall (Ferreira 2021, 88).

ブロック引用、三スタイルとも:

…within a single night. (Ferreira, 2021, p. 88) — no period after the citation

APA 7:

Although sleep loss impairs recall (Ferreira, 2021), caffeine masks the effect for a few hours (Adeyemi & Brandt, 2019).

MLA 9:

Although sleep loss impairs recall (Ferreira 88), caffeine masks the effect for a few hours (Adeyemi and Brandt 42).

Chicago 18、注:

Although sleep loss impairs recall,¹ caffeine masks the effect for a few hours.²

Chicago 18、author-date:

Although sleep loss impairs recall (Ferreira 2021, 88), caffeine masks the effect for a few hours (Adeyemi and Brandt 2019, 42).

括弧内:

Sleep loss "degrades working memory within a single night" (Ferreira, 2021, p. 88).

叙述:

Ferreira (2021) found that sleep loss "degrades working memory within a single night" (p. 88).

文の途中にある引用:

The claim that sleep loss "degrades working memory" (Ferreira, 2021, p. 88) has been replicated twice.

誤り（ピリオドが内側、引用が宙に浮く）:

Sleep loss "degrades working memory within a single night." (Ferreira, 2021, p. 88)

括弧内形式:

Ferreira's summary is blunt:

      A single night of restricted sleep is enough to measurably degrade working
      memory, and the deficit does not recover after one full night of sleep. The
      effect is largest in the tasks that students most often describe as
      "cramming," which is precisely the situation in which they sleep least.
      (Ferreira, 2021, p. 88)

叙述形式、ブロックのあとにページ番号だけ:

Ferreira (2021) summarised the evidence: [block quotation] …sleep least. (p. 88)

引用が疑問文である場合:

Participants kept asking, "Why does one night matter?" (Ferreira, 2021, p. 90).

あなたの文が疑問文である場合:

Is it plausible that one night "degrades working memory" (Ferreira, 2021, p. 88)?

引用の内側にある感嘆文:

One student wrote, "I will never cram again!" (Ferreira, 2021, p. 91).

著者二名、括弧内:

(Adeyemi & Brandt, 2019, p. 42)

著者二名、叙述:

Adeyemi and Brandt (2019) reported the effect (p. 42).

著者三名以上:

(Osei et al., 2022, pp. 14–16)

連続しないページ:

(Ferreira, 2021, pp. 88, 102)

番号付き段落、ページなし:

(Northwind Energy Institute, 2023, para. 4) or (Northwind Energy Institute, 2023, paras. 4–5)

節見出し、ページも段落番号もなし:

(Northwind Energy Institute, 2023, "Methods" section)

タイムスタンプ:

(Kettering Science Lab, 2022, 2:15)

括弧内:

Sleep loss "degrades working memory within a single night" (Ferreira 88).

叙述:

Ferreira finds that sleep loss "degrades working memory within a single night" (88).

同一著者による二作品、タイトルの前にコンマ:

Sleep loss "degrades working memory within a single night" (Ferreira, Attention 88).

著者なし、短縮タイトル:

The report calls the deficit "cumulative" ("Sleep and Study" 3).

Ferreira's summary is blunt:

      A single night of restricted sleep is enough to measurably degrade working
      memory, and the deficit does not recover after one full night of sleep. The
      effect is largest in the tasks that students most often describe as
      "cramming," which is precisely the situation in which they sleep least. (88)

引用が疑問文である場合:

Participants kept asking, "Why does one night matter?" (Ferreira 90).

あなたの文が疑問文である場合:

Is it plausible that one night "degrades working memory" (Ferreira 88)?

疑問文を引用し、引用を伴う疑問文:

How would you answer Ferreira's question, "Why does one night matter" (90)?

ピリオドのあと:

Sleep loss impairs next-day recall.¹

閉じ引用符とそのピリオドのあと:

Sleep loss "degrades working memory within a single night."²

文中、コンマのあと:

Although sleep loss impairs recall,³ caffeine masks the effect for a few hours.⁴

ダッシュの前:

The deficit is cumulative⁵—and it survives a full night of recovery sleep.

閉じ括弧のあと:

The effect was largest in the cramming condition (the one students reported most often).⁶

誤り（番号が句読点の前）:

Sleep loss "degrades working memory within a single night²."

完全な注:

1. Nadia Ferreira, Attention and the Learning Brain (Halcyon Academic Press, 2021), 88.

短縮された注:

2. Ferreira, Attention, 90.

一つの注に二つの出典:

3. Folake Adeyemi and Sven Brandt, "Caffeine, Sleep Debt, and Recall in Undergraduates," Journal of Cognitive Learning 8, no. 3 (2019): 42; Ferreira, Attention, 88.

ページ範囲:

4. Ferreira, Attention, 88–89.

パラフレーズ:

Sleep loss impairs next-day recall (Ferreira 2021, 88).

引用:

Sleep loss "degrades working memory within a single night" (Ferreira 2021, 88).

著者二名:

(Adeyemi and Brandt 2019, 42)

出典二つ:

(Adeyemi and Brandt 2019; Ferreira 2021)

ブロック引用:

…sleep least. (Ferreira 2021, 88)

APA 7:

(Adeyemi & Brandt, 2019; Ferreira, 2021; Osei et al., 2022)

APA 7、同一著者、二つの年:

(Ferreira, 2018, 2021)

MLA 9:

(Adeyemi and Brandt 42; Ferreira 88; Osei et al. 14)

Chicago 18、author-date:

(Adeyemi and Brandt 2019, 42; Ferreira 2021, 88)

Chicago 18、一つの注:

5. Adeyemi and Brandt, "Caffeine," 42; Ferreira, Attention, 88.