ピリオドはどこに置く? 本文中引用の句読点規則

APA 7、公式の短い引用（Alamo、2026年5月29日再掲）:

Effective teams can be difficult to describe because "high performance along one domain does not translate to high performance along another" (Ervin et al., 2018, p. 470).

APA 7、公式出典の言い換え:

State academic self-concept varies within the same student as well as across students (Niepel et al., 2025).

MLA 9、公式のStyle Center引用:

Reading is "just half of literacy. The other half is writing" (Baron 194).

MLA 9、公式のWoolf文中引用（Style Center、2016年2月29日）:

Virginia Woolf describes the scene vividly: "Everything had come to a standstill. The throb of the motor engines sounded like a pulse irregularly drumming through an entire body" (14).

Chicago 18、公式の注（Quick Guide）:

1. Charles Yu, Interior Chinatown (Pantheon Books, 2020), 45.

Chicago 18、対応する上付き番号:

Yuの語り手はGeneric Asian Extraとして雇われる。¹

Chicago 18、公式の著者・年（Quick Guide）:

(Yu 2020, 45)

ブロック引用のテンプレート（三スタイルとも）:

…final word of the extract. (Author, Year, p. Page) — no period after the citation

The citation refers to the quotation and thus belongs in the same sentence with it.

A period is needed after the citation to indicate where the writer's sentence ends.

In the source work by Virginia Woolf, there is a period after "body," but it's omitted here because the following period makes a period after "body" redundant.

APA 7:

Although self-concept varies from moment to moment (Niepel et al., 2025), couple therapists can still practise discrete skills (Levenson et al., 2025).

MLA 9:

Although reading is "just half of literacy" (Baron 194), Woolf's motor car has already stopped (14).

Chicago 18、注:

YuがGeneric Asian Extraを物語全体にする一方で、¹ Binder and Kidderはキャンパス団体が実際にどう勝つかを追う。²

Chicago 18、著者・年:

YuがGeneric Asian Extraを物語全体にする一方で (Yu 2020, 45)、Binder and Kidderはキャンパス団体が実際にどう勝つかを追う (Binder and Kidder 2022, 117–18)。

If the citation appears at the end of a sentence, put the end punctuation after the closing parenthesis for the citation.

Place periods and commas within closing single or double quotation marks. Place other punctuation marks inside quotation marks only when they are part of the quoted material.

公式の短い引用:

Effective teams can be difficult to describe because "high performance along one domain does not translate to high performance along another" (Ervin et al., 2018, p. 470).

同じ引用の叙述形:

Ervin et al. (2018) found that "high performance along one domain does not translate to high performance along another" (p. 470).

文の途中の引用:

The claim that "high performance along one domain does not translate to high performance along another" (Ervin et al., 2018, p. 470) is a warning, not a compliment.

誤り（ピリオドが内側、出典表示が孤立）:

Effective teams can be difficult to describe because "high performance along one domain does not translate to high performance along another." (Ervin et al., 2018, p. 470)

Either (a) cite the source in parentheses after the quotation's final punctuation or (b) cite the author and year in the narrative before the quotation and place only the page number in parentheses after the quotation's final punctuation.

Do not add a period after the closing parenthesis in either case.

括弧内の形（省略。全文はブロック引用ガイド）:

…cognitive and neural underpinnings. (Alderson-Day & Fernyhough, 2015, p. 957)

引用が疑問文:

Participants asked, "Quoted question?" (Author, Year, p. Page).

あなたの文が疑問文:

Is it plausible that one night "quoted phrase" (Author, Year, p. Page)?

二人の著者、括弧内（公式の氏名）:

(Alderson-Day & Fernyhough, 2015, p. 957)

二人の著者、叙述:

Alderson-Day and Fernyhough (2015) reviewed the evidence (p. 957).

三人以上の著者、公式の雑誌論文:

(Niepel et al., 2025)

公式の書籍章、ページ範囲付き:

(Zeleke et al., 2020, pp. 11–26)

飛び飛びのページ（テンプレート）:

(Author, Year, pp. 88, 102)

番号付き段落、ページなし（テンプレート）:

(Group Author, Year, para. 4) or (Group Author, Year, paras. 4–5)

節見出し、ページも段落番号もない（テンプレート）:

(Group Author, Year, "Methods" section)

公式のAPA文献（リスト内のアンパサンド）:

Niepel, C., Hausen, J. E., Weber, A. M., & Möller, J. (2025). Understanding mean-level and intraindividual variability in state academic self-concept: The role of students’ trait expectancies and values. Journal of Educational Psychology, 117(5), 772–788. https://doi.org/10.1037/edu0000946

括弧内（概観、2021年4月1日）:

Reading is "just half of literacy. The other half is writing" (Baron 194).

叙述（同じページ）:

According to Naomi Baron, reading is "just half of literacy. The other half is writing" (194).

誤り（著者が重複）:

According to Naomi Baron, reading is "just half of literacy. The other half is writing" (Baron 194).

公式のWorks Cited項目:

Baron, Naomi S. "Redefining Reading: The Impact of Digital Communication Media." PMLA, vol. 128, no. 1, Jan. 2013, pp. 193–200.

同一著者の二著作（テンプレート。タイトルの前にコンマ）:

(Author, Shortened Title 88)

著者なし、短縮タイトル（テンプレート）:

The report calls the deficit "cumulative" ("Shortened Title" 3).

In the block-quotation format, however, no period after the citation is necessary: the reader knows that the writer's thought ends at the citation because a block quotation is not normally inserted in the middle of a sentence.

The period after "enquiry" is not the writer's final period. It is Virginia Woolf's period, found in the source work. It is retained in this format because there is no following period to make it redundant.

疑問文が疑問文を引く、出典表示なし:

Which Shakespeare character asked, "Is this a dagger which I see before me, / The handle toward my hand?"

疑問文が疑問文を引く、出典表示あり:

How would you respond to the writer's question, "How important is punctuation" (5)?

引用は疑問文で、あなたの文は疑問文ではない（テンプレート）:

The author ends with a question: "Quoted question?" (Author 11).

公式のページ:

(Baron 194)

公式論文のページ範囲:

(Baron 193–200)

番号付き段落（テンプレート）:

(Author, par. 4)

タイムスタンプ（テンプレート）:

(Author 00:02:15–00:02:40)

A note number should generally be placed at the end of a sentence or at the end of a clause. The number normally follows a quotation (whether it is run in to the text or set as an extract). Relative to other punctuation, the number follows any punctuation mark except for the dash, which it precedes.

ピリオドのあと:

Yuの語り手はGeneric Asian Extraとして雇われる。¹

閉じ引用符とそのピリオドのあと:

Reading is "just half of literacy. The other half is writing."²

コンマのあと、文の途中:

Yuがその端役を物語全体にする一方で、³ Binder and Kidderはキャンパス団体がどう勝つかを追う。⁴

ダッシュの前:

語り手はgeneric extraである⁵—そして小説はその役を筋そのものにする。

閉じ括弧のあと:

The effect is largest in the roles extras actually get (the ones with no name).⁶

誤り（番号が句読点の前）:

Yuの語り手はGeneric Asian Extraとして雇われる¹。

完全な注:

1. Charles Yu, Interior Chinatown (Pantheon Books, 2020), 45.

二人の著者の完全な注:

2. Amy J. Binder and Jeffrey L. Kidder, The Channels of Student Activism: How the Left and Right Are Winning (and Losing) in Campus Politics Today (University of Chicago Press, 2022), 117–18.

短縮注:

3. Yu, Interior Chinatown, 48.

二人の著者の短縮注:

4. Binder and Kidder, Channels of Student Activism, 125.

一つの注に公式出典が二つ（セミコロンが規則。組み合わせは当サイト）:

5. Binder and Kidder, Channels of Student Activism, 117–18; Yu, Interior Chinatown, 45.

公式の書籍:

(Yu 2020, 45)

公式の二人著者の書籍:

(Binder and Kidder 2022, 117–18)

公式の雑誌論文:

(Kwon 2022, 1842–43)

公式の二人著者の論文:

(Dittmar and Schemske 2023, 480)

本文での三人以上の著者:

(Snyder et al. 2025, 9–10)

引用、括弧のあとにピリオド:

Yuの語り手は"Generic Asian Extra"として雇われる (Yu 2020, 45)。

ブロック引用（テンプレート）:

…last word of the extract. (Yu 2020, 45)

Finally, if you were to cite two sources at the end of a sentence, you’d usually do that when both sources supported the same idea, in which case you’d separate them with a semicolon: (IMDb 2026; Henry 1994). See also CMOS 13.116.

APA 7、公式の氏名、アルファベット順:

(Levenson et al., 2025; Niepel et al., 2025; Zeleke et al., 2020)

APA 7、同一著者、二つの年（テンプレート）:

(Author, 2018, 2021)

MLA 9:

(Baron 194; Woolf 14)

Chicago 18、著者・年:

(Binder and Kidder 2022, 117–18; Yu 2020, 45)

Chicago 18、一つの注:

5. Binder and Kidder, Channels of Student Activism, 117–18; Yu, Interior Chinatown, 45.

By convention, commas and periods that directly follow quotations go inside the closing quotation marks