마침표는 어디에 두나요? 본문 내 인용의 구두점 규칙

APA 7, 바꿔 쓰기:

Sleep loss impairs next-day recall (Ferreira, 2021).

APA 7, 인용문:

Sleep loss "degrades working memory within a single night" (Ferreira, 2021, p. 88).

MLA 9, 바꿔 쓰기:

Sleep loss impairs next-day recall (Ferreira 88).

MLA 9, 인용문:

Sleep loss "degrades working memory within a single night" (Ferreira 88).

Chicago 18, 주 번호:

Sleep loss "degrades working memory within a single night."¹

Chicago 18, 주:

1. Nadia Ferreira, Attention and the Learning Brain (Halcyon Academic Press, 2021), 88.

Chicago 18, author-date:

Sleep loss impairs next-day recall (Ferreira 2021, 88).

블록 인용, 세 스타일 모두:

…within a single night. (Ferreira, 2021, p. 88) — 인용 뒤에 마침표 없음

APA 7:

Although sleep loss impairs recall (Ferreira, 2021), caffeine masks the effect for a few hours (Adeyemi & Brandt, 2019).

MLA 9:

Although sleep loss impairs recall (Ferreira 88), caffeine masks the effect for a few hours (Adeyemi and Brandt 42).

Chicago 18, notes:

Although sleep loss impairs recall,¹ caffeine masks the effect for a few hours.²

Chicago 18, author-date:

Although sleep loss impairs recall (Ferreira 2021, 88), caffeine masks the effect for a few hours (Adeyemi and Brandt 2019, 42).

괄호 인용:

Sleep loss "degrades working memory within a single night" (Ferreira, 2021, p. 88).

서술 인용:

Ferreira (2021) found that sleep loss "degrades working memory within a single night" (p. 88).

문장 중간의 인용문:

The claim that sleep loss "degrades working memory" (Ferreira, 2021, p. 88) has been replicated twice.

잘못된 예 (마침표가 안에 있고 인용이 고립됨):

Sleep loss "degrades working memory within a single night." (Ferreira, 2021, p. 88)

괄호 형식:

Ferreira's summary is blunt:

      A single night of restricted sleep is enough to measurably degrade working
      memory, and the deficit does not recover after one full night of sleep. The
      effect is largest in the tasks that students most often describe as
      "cramming," which is precisely the situation in which they sleep least.
      (Ferreira, 2021, p. 88)

서술 형식, 블록 뒤에 쪽 번호만:

Ferreira (2021) summarised the evidence: [block quotation] …sleep least. (p. 88)

인용문이 물음일 때:

Participants kept asking, "Why does one night matter?" (Ferreira, 2021, p. 90).

자신의 문장이 물음일 때:

Is it plausible that one night "degrades working memory" (Ferreira, 2021, p. 88)?

인용문 안의 감탄:

One student wrote, "I will never cram again!" (Ferreira, 2021, p. 91).

두 저자, 괄호 인용:

(Adeyemi & Brandt, 2019, p. 42)

두 저자, 서술 인용:

Adeyemi and Brandt (2019) reported the effect (p. 42).

세 명 이상의 저자:

(Osei et al., 2022, pp. 14–16)

떨어진 쪽:

(Ferreira, 2021, pp. 88, 102)

번호가 매겨진 문단, 쪽 없음:

(Northwind Energy Institute, 2023, para. 4) 또는 (Northwind Energy Institute, 2023, paras. 4–5)

절 제목, 쪽이나 문단 번호 없음:

(Northwind Energy Institute, 2023, "Methods" section)

타임스탬프:

(Kettering Science Lab, 2022, 2:15)

괄호 인용:

Sleep loss "degrades working memory within a single night" (Ferreira 88).

서술 인용:

Ferreira finds that sleep loss "degrades working memory within a single night" (88).

같은 저자의 두 저작, 제목 앞에 쉼표:

Sleep loss "degrades working memory within a single night" (Ferreira, Attention 88).

저자 없음, 짧은 제목:

The report calls the deficit "cumulative" ("Sleep and Study" 3).

Ferreira's summary is blunt:

      A single night of restricted sleep is enough to measurably degrade working
      memory, and the deficit does not recover after one full night of sleep. The
      effect is largest in the tasks that students most often describe as
      "cramming," which is precisely the situation in which they sleep least. (88)

인용문이 물음일 때:

Participants kept asking, "Why does one night matter?" (Ferreira 90).

자신의 문장이 물음일 때:

Is it plausible that one night "degrades working memory" (Ferreira 88)?

물음을 인용하는 물음, 인용 포함:

How would you answer Ferreira's question, "Why does one night matter" (90)?

마침표 뒤:

Sleep loss impairs next-day recall.¹

닫는 인용부호와 그 안의 마침표 뒤:

Sleep loss "degrades working memory within a single night."²

문장 중간, 쉼표 뒤:

Although sleep loss impairs recall,³ caffeine masks the effect for a few hours.⁴

대시 앞:

The deficit is cumulative⁵—and it survives a full night of recovery sleep.

닫는 괄호 뒤:

The effect was largest in the cramming condition (the one students reported most often).⁶

잘못된 예 (구두점 앞에 번호):

Sleep loss "degrades working memory within a single night²."

전체 주:

1. Nadia Ferreira, Attention and the Learning Brain (Halcyon Academic Press, 2021), 88.

짧은 주:

2. Ferreira, Attention, 90.

한 주 속 두 출처:

3. Folake Adeyemi and Sven Brandt, "Caffeine, Sleep Debt, and Recall in Undergraduates," Journal of Cognitive Learning 8, no. 3 (2019): 42; Ferreira, Attention, 88.

쪽 범위:

4. Ferreira, Attention, 88–89.

바꿔 쓰기:

Sleep loss impairs next-day recall (Ferreira 2021, 88).

인용문:

Sleep loss "degrades working memory within a single night" (Ferreira 2021, 88).

두 저자:

(Adeyemi and Brandt 2019, 42)

두 출처:

(Adeyemi and Brandt 2019; Ferreira 2021)

블록 인용:

…sleep least. (Ferreira 2021, 88)

APA 7:

(Adeyemi & Brandt, 2019; Ferreira, 2021; Osei et al., 2022)

APA 7, 같은 저자, 두 연도:

(Ferreira, 2018, 2021)

MLA 9:

(Adeyemi and Brandt 42; Ferreira 88; Osei et al. 14)

Chicago 18, author-date:

(Adeyemi and Brandt 2019, 42; Ferreira 2021, 88)

Chicago 18, 한 주:

5. Adeyemi and Brandt, "Caffeine," 42; Ferreira, Attention, 88.