마침표는 어디에 두나? 본문 인용의 구두점 규칙

APA 7, 공식 짧은 인용(Alamo 2026년 5월 29일 재수록):

Effective teams can be difficult to describe because "high performance along one domain does not translate to high performance along another" (Ervin et al., 2018, p. 470).

APA 7, 공식 출처의 바꿔 쓰기:

State academic self-concept varies within the same student as well as across students (Niepel et al., 2025).

MLA 9, 공식 Style Center 인용:

Reading is "just half of literacy. The other half is writing" (Baron 194).

MLA 9, 공식 Woolf 문중 인용(Style Center, 2016년 2월 29일):

Virginia Woolf describes the scene vividly: "Everything had come to a standstill. The throb of the motor engines sounded like a pulse irregularly drumming through an entire body" (14).

Chicago 18, 공식 주석(Quick Guide):

1. Charles Yu, Interior Chinatown (Pantheon Books, 2020), 45.

Chicago 18, 대응하는 위 첨자:

Yu의 화자는 Generic Asian Extra로 고용된다.¹

Chicago 18, 공식 저자-연도(Quick Guide):

(Yu 2020, 45)

블록 인용 템플릿(세 스타일 모두):

…final word of the extract. (Author, Year, p. Page) — no period after the citation

The citation refers to the quotation and thus belongs in the same sentence with it.

A period is needed after the citation to indicate where the writer's sentence ends.

In the source work by Virginia Woolf, there is a period after "body," but it's omitted here because the following period makes a period after "body" redundant.

APA 7:

Although self-concept varies from moment to moment (Niepel et al., 2025), couple therapists can still practise discrete skills (Levenson et al., 2025).

MLA 9:

Although reading is "just half of literacy" (Baron 194), Woolf's motor car has already stopped (14).

Chicago 18, 주석:

Yu가 Generic Asian Extra를 플롯 전체로 만들지만,¹ Binder and Kidder는 캠퍼스 집단이 실제로 어떻게 이기는지 추적한다.²

Chicago 18, 저자-연도:

Yu가 Generic Asian Extra를 플롯 전체로 만들지만 (Yu 2020, 45), Binder and Kidder는 캠퍼스 집단이 실제로 어떻게 이기는지 추적한다 (Binder and Kidder 2022, 117–18).

If the citation appears at the end of a sentence, put the end punctuation after the closing parenthesis for the citation.

Place periods and commas within closing single or double quotation marks. Place other punctuation marks inside quotation marks only when they are part of the quoted material.

공식 짧은 인용:

Effective teams can be difficult to describe because "high performance along one domain does not translate to high performance along another" (Ervin et al., 2018, p. 470).

같은 인용의 서술형:

Ervin et al. (2018) found that "high performance along one domain does not translate to high performance along another" (p. 470).

문장 중간의 인용:

The claim that "high performance along one domain does not translate to high performance along another" (Ervin et al., 2018, p. 470) is a warning, not a compliment.

틀림(마침표가 안쪽, 출처 표시가 고립):

Effective teams can be difficult to describe because "high performance along one domain does not translate to high performance along another." (Ervin et al., 2018, p. 470)

Either (a) cite the source in parentheses after the quotation's final punctuation or (b) cite the author and year in the narrative before the quotation and place only the page number in parentheses after the quotation's final punctuation.

Do not add a period after the closing parenthesis in either case.

괄호 형식(축약. 전문은 블록 인용 가이드):

…cognitive and neural underpinnings. (Alderson-Day & Fernyhough, 2015, p. 957)

인용이 질문일 때:

Participants asked, "Quoted question?" (Author, Year, p. Page).

당신의 문장이 질문일 때:

Is it plausible that one night "quoted phrase" (Author, Year, p. Page)?

두 저자, 괄호(공식 이름):

(Alderson-Day & Fernyhough, 2015, p. 957)

두 저자, 서술:

Alderson-Day and Fernyhough (2015) reviewed the evidence (p. 957).

세 명 이상, 공식 학술지 논문:

(Niepel et al., 2025)

공식 책 장, 페이지 범위:

(Zeleke et al., 2020, pp. 11–26)

비연속 페이지(템플릿):

(Author, Year, pp. 88, 102)

번호 있는 문단, 페이지 없음(템플릿):

(Group Author, Year, para. 4) or (Group Author, Year, paras. 4–5)

절 제목, 페이지도 문단 번호도 없음(템플릿):

(Group Author, Year, "Methods" section)

공식 APA 참고문헌(목록의 앰퍼샌드):

Niepel, C., Hausen, J. E., Weber, A. M., & Möller, J. (2025). Understanding mean-level and intraindividual variability in state academic self-concept: The role of students’ trait expectancies and values. Journal of Educational Psychology, 117(5), 772–788. https://doi.org/10.1037/edu0000946

괄호(개요, 2021년 4월 1일):

Reading is "just half of literacy. The other half is writing" (Baron 194).

서술(같은 페이지):

According to Naomi Baron, reading is "just half of literacy. The other half is writing" (194).

틀림(저자 반복):

According to Naomi Baron, reading is "just half of literacy. The other half is writing" (Baron 194).

공식 Works Cited 항목:

Baron, Naomi S. "Redefining Reading: The Impact of Digital Communication Media." PMLA, vol. 128, no. 1, Jan. 2013, pp. 193–200.

같은 저자의 두 저작(템플릿. 제목 앞 쉼표):

(Author, Shortened Title 88)

저자 없음, 짧은 제목(템플릿):

The report calls the deficit "cumulative" ("Shortened Title" 3).

In the block-quotation format, however, no period after the citation is necessary: the reader knows that the writer's thought ends at the citation because a block quotation is not normally inserted in the middle of a sentence.

The period after "enquiry" is not the writer's final period. It is Virginia Woolf's period, found in the source work. It is retained in this format because there is no following period to make it redundant.

질문이 질문을 인용, 출처 표시 없음:

Which Shakespeare character asked, "Is this a dagger which I see before me, / The handle toward my hand?"

질문이 질문을 인용, 출처 표시 있음:

How would you respond to the writer's question, "How important is punctuation" (5)?

인용은 질문이고 당신의 문장은 질문이 아님(템플릿):

The author ends with a question: "Quoted question?" (Author 11).

공식 페이지:

(Baron 194)

공식 논문의 페이지 범위:

(Baron 193–200)

번호 있는 문단(템플릿):

(Author, par. 4)

타임스탬프(템플릿):

(Author 00:02:15–00:02:40)

A note number should generally be placed at the end of a sentence or at the end of a clause. The number normally follows a quotation (whether it is run in to the text or set as an extract). Relative to other punctuation, the number follows any punctuation mark except for the dash, which it precedes.

마침표 뒤:

Yu의 화자는 Generic Asian Extra로 고용된다.¹

닫는 따옴표와 그 마침표 뒤:

Reading is "just half of literacy. The other half is writing."²

쉼표 뒤, 문장 중간:

Yu가 그 엑스트라를 플롯 전체로 만들지만,³ Binder and Kidder는 캠퍼스 집단이 어떻게 이기는지 추적한다.⁴

대시 앞:

화자는 generic extra이다⁵—그리고 소설은 그 역할을 플롯으로 만든다.

닫는 괄호 뒤:

The effect is largest in the roles extras actually get (the ones with no name).⁶

틀림(번호가 구두점 앞):

Yu의 화자는 Generic Asian Extra로 고용된다¹.

전체 주석:

1. Charles Yu, Interior Chinatown (Pantheon Books, 2020), 45.

두 저자 전체 주석:

2. Amy J. Binder and Jeffrey L. Kidder, The Channels of Student Activism: How the Left and Right Are Winning (and Losing) in Campus Politics Today (University of Chicago Press, 2022), 117–18.

짧은 주석:

3. Yu, Interior Chinatown, 48.

두 저자 짧은 주석:

4. Binder and Kidder, Channels of Student Activism, 125.

한 주에 공식 출처 둘(세미콜론이 규칙. 짝은 이 사이트):

5. Binder and Kidder, Channels of Student Activism, 117–18; Yu, Interior Chinatown, 45.

공식 책:

(Yu 2020, 45)

공식 두 저자 책:

(Binder and Kidder 2022, 117–18)

공식 학술지 논문:

(Kwon 2022, 1842–43)

공식 두 저자 논문:

(Dittmar and Schemske 2023, 480)

본문의 세 명 이상 저자:

(Snyder et al. 2025, 9–10)

인용문, 괄호 뒤에 마침표:

Yu의 화자는 "Generic Asian Extra"로 고용된다 (Yu 2020, 45).

블록 인용(템플릿):

…last word of the extract. (Yu 2020, 45)

Finally, if you were to cite two sources at the end of a sentence, you’d usually do that when both sources supported the same idea, in which case you’d separate them with a semicolon: (IMDb 2026; Henry 1994). See also CMOS 13.116.

APA 7, 공식 이름, 알파벳순:

(Levenson et al., 2025; Niepel et al., 2025; Zeleke et al., 2020)

APA 7, 같은 저자, 두 연도(템플릿):

(Author, 2018, 2021)

MLA 9:

(Baron 194; Woolf 14)

Chicago 18, 저자-연도:

(Binder and Kidder 2022, 117–18; Yu 2020, 45)

Chicago 18, 하나의 주:

5. Binder and Kidder, Channels of Student Activism, 117–18; Yu, Interior Chinatown, 45.

By convention, commas and periods that directly follow quotations go inside the closing quotation marks