학술 글쓰기에서 흔한 문법 실수

• 일치(Agreement). 가장 가까운 명사가 아니라 진짜 주어를 찾으세요. The collection of samples는 were가 아니라 was를 씁니다(템플릿). APA 7 §4.15: 동사는 주어의 수에 일치합니다. UNC: one of the problems that…에서 동사는 problems에 일치합니다.
• Data. CMOS는 일반 용법에서 data 를 질량 명사(less data)로, 과학에서는 복수(fewer data)로 다룹니다. 모든 분야에 한 형태를 강요하지 마세요.
• Singular they. APA 7 §4.18, CMOS 18, MLA Style Center 모두 일반적 및 지시적 they를 허용합니다. they is가 아니라 they are로 쓰세요. 사람의 명시된 대명사를 he or she로 '수정'하지 마세요.
• 쉼표 접합 / 런온. 두 개의 독립절에는 마침표, 세미콜론, 대시, 또는 등위 접속사와 쉼표가 필요합니다. 쉼표만으로는 접합입니다. UNC: 쉼표만 추가해서는 안 됩니다.
• 조각. Because… 절은 독립절에 붙기 전까지 문장이 아닙니다.
• 시리얼 쉼표. APA, CMOS, MLA는 세 항목 이상의 목록에서 마지막 and 또는 or 앞에 쉼표를 요구합니다. UNC는 짧은 목록에서 마지막 쉼표를 선택 사항으로 봅니다. 학술 논문은 뉴스 데스크도 UNC의 선택적 기본값도 아니라 지정된 매뉴얼을 따릅니다.
• That / which. 한정절: that(쉼표 없음)이 미국 학술의 기본값입니다. 부가 정보: which(쉼표 있음). That은 비한정절을 열 수 없습니다.
• 매달린 수식어. MLA: 아무것도 수식하지 않거나 잘못된 명사를 수식하는 구는 매달립니다. A renowned author, her work… 에는 저자가 붙을 명사가 없습니다.
• 병렬 목록. 열거의 모든 항목은 같은 문법적 형태를 공유해야 합니다. UNC: supporting…, reducing…, and education 이 실패 유형입니다. MLA: not only 는 두 항목을 지배하는 동사 뒤에 둡니다.
• 아포스트로피. MLA: it’s = it is; its 는 소유격입니다. 이름과 요일의 복수는 아포스트로피를 쓰지 않습니다. The Wallaces, Sundays.

일치 템플릿, 틀림

The collection of samples were completed in March.

일치 템플릿, 맞음

The collection of samples was completed in March.

절 경계 템플릿

두 가지 완전한 생각: 마침표, 세미콜론, 대시, 또는 쉼표+and/but/or/so. 쉼표만으로는 안 됩니다.

수식어 템플릿

Opening phrase + the person or thing that actually did it. Not the data, the paper, or the results.

APA Style, Singular “they” (§4.18; last updated July 2022)

The singular “they” is a generic third-person singular pronoun in English. Use of the singular “they” is endorsed as part of APA Style because it is inclusive of all people and helps writers avoid making assumptions about gender.

APA Style, Singular “they” (verb agreement)

Use a plural verb form with the singular pronoun “they” (i.e., write “they are” not “they is”).

APA Style student-paper checklist, Grammar (Publication Manual §4.15)

Use verbs that agree in number (i.e., singular or plural) with their subjects.

APA Style student-paper checklist, Pronouns (Publication Manual §§4.16–4.21)

Use the singular “they” when referring to a person who uses it as their self-identified pronoun or to a person whose gender is unknown or irrelevant.

CMOS Shop Talk (announcing CMOS 18)

The generic singular they will now be considered acceptable even in formal writing—for example, when the antecedent is an indefinite pronoun (someone forgot their coat) or when referring to a person whose gender is unknown or irrelevant (will the driver of the yellow sedan please move their car) or whose identity must be concealed (the author wants their privacy protected).

University of Chicago News, 21 February 2025 (CMOS 18)

Though the 17th edition of the Manual had previously endorsed the use of “they/them” as a personal pronoun, the newest edition now explicitly endorses the use of the generic singular “they” when referring to a person whose gender is unknown or unspecified (for example, each student should bring their own lunch).

MLA Style Center, How do I use singular they? (4 March 2020)

The MLA advises writers to always follow the personal pronouns of individuals they write about.

MLA Style Center, Serial Commas and Serial Semicolons

Proponents of the serial comma, like the MLA, would decry the inconsistency of the use-it-when-you-need-it approach and advocate using the serial comma in all series of three or more items or phrases.

APA Style, Accessible typography (Myth 6; last updated February 2024)

Not everyone calls for the serial comma: APA’s Publication Manual, the MLA Handbook, the Chicago Manual of Style, and Elements of Style require it, whereas The Associated Press Stylebook leaves it optional.

APA Style, student-paper formatting checklist

Use a serial comma before the final element in lists of three or more items.

Chicago Manual of Style Q&A (Usage and Grammar #364)

Even though “data” doesn’t look like a plural, you would write “less data” or “fewer data” depending on whether you consider “data” as a mass noun (as in common usage) or as a plural (as in the sciences).

Chicago Manual of Style Q&A (Which vs. That)

The basic rule: Use “which” plus commas to set off nonrestrictive (unnecessary) clauses; use “that” to introduce a restrictive (necessary) clause:

UNC Writing Center, Fragments and Run-ons

You CANNOT simply add a comma between the two sentences, or you’ll end up with what’s called a “comma splice.”

MLA Style Center, dangling modifiers

When a modifier modifies the wrong word or has nothing to modify at all, writing experts say that the modifier dangles.

APA Style, Lists

When writing a list, ensure all items are syntactically and conceptually parallel.

템플릿, 틀림

The collection of samples were completed in March.

템플릿, 맞음

The collection of samples was completed in March.

템플릿, 틀림

Each of the participants were given a questionnaire.

템플릿, 맞음

Each of the participants was given a questionnaire.

Each 는 뒤에 복수 명사가 와도 단수입니다. 첫 쌍의 주어는 samples 가 아니라 collection 입니다.

UNC, 복수

People who win the lottery are lucky. (plural verb)

UNC, 단수

A person who wins the lottery every year is lucky. (singular verb)

UNC, that 이 problem 과 일치

Homelessness is a problem that needs to be addressed. (singular problem)

UNC, that 이 problems 와 일치

Homelessness is one of the problems that need to be addressed. (plural problems)

CMOS, 질량 명사로서의 data

We had a lot less data to support our hypothesis than we wanted. [data as mass noun]

CMOS, 복수 명사로서의 data

The second group of researchers returned fewer data than the first. [data as a plural noun]

CMOS, emissions (official preference)

fewer CO₂ emissions, but less CO₂ (carbon dioxide is a mass—or noncount—noun: CO₂ is; CO₂ emissions are)

CMOS: 후자의 용법, fewer를 포함하는 것이 AMA Manual of Style(10th ed., §7.8.2)이 지지하는 용법입니다. 같은 답변은 lower emissions가 좋은 대안이라고 말합니다; less emissions는 엄격파를 만족시키지 않습니다.

MLA, specific use

Jules is writing their research paper on Jane Austen’s Persuasion.

MLA, specific use, reflexive

Ari read the instructions to themselves [or themself] before beginning the test.

MLA, generic (do not invent a gender)

Each taxpayer must file his or her tax return before 15 April.

MLA, generic, singular they

Each taxpayer must file their tax return before 15 April.

MLA, generic, they after When a celebrity

When a celebrity joins Twitter they gain tens of thousands of followers within minutes.

MLA, anonymous reviewer

The anonymous reviewer recommends in their report that the essay be published after minor revisions.

MLA, Everyone

Everyone wants to do well on their midterm.

MLA: 일반적 용법에서는 작가가 he 또는 she 단독, 또는 he와 she를 번갈아 쓰지 말아야 합니다. 복수형으로 바꾸거나 대명사 없는 재작성도 허용됩니다. 사람의 명시된 they를 피하기 위한 회피책으로 쓰지 마세요.

APA / CMOS 18, generic (official CMOS example)

someone forgot their coat

APA / CMOS 18, generic (UChicago News example)

each student should bring their own lunch

APA Style, official form table (Casey)

Casey is a gender-fluid person. They are from Texas and enjoy tacos.

APA verb form

they are (not they is)

APA noun form

Casey is or a person is (not Casey are or a person are)

성별을 지어내지 말 것

총칭으로 he 를 쓰지 마세요. APA: (s)he 나 s/he 같은 결합형을 쓰지 마세요. he or she 는 그 대명사가 실제로 서술되는 사람과 맞을 때만 쓰세요.

they 가 어색할 때

APA allows a rewrite that drops the pronoun, or a plural recast (Students must submit their assignments). Do not use those workarounds to avoid a person’s stated they.

템플릿, 불명확

The researchers discussed the results with the participants, and they were satisfied.

템플릿, 명확

The researchers discussed the results with the participants, and the participants were satisfied.

UNC, shortest complete sentence

They waited.

UNC, 런온(융합 문장)

My favorite Mediterranean spread is hummus it is very garlicky.

UNC, 세미콜론

My favorite Mediterranean spread is hummus; it is very garlicky.

UNC, 콤마 + 등위접속사

My favorite Mediterranean spread is hummus, and it is very garlicky.

UNC, 두 문장

My favorite Mediterranean spread is hummus. It is very garlicky.

UNC, subordinating conjunction

My favorite Mediterranean spread is hummus because it is very garlicky.

UNC, em-dash

My favorite Mediterranean spread is hummus—it is very garlicky.

UNC, 콤마 스플라이스(불법 “수정”)

My favorite Mediterranean spread is hummus, it is very garlicky.

UNC, yes/no on a complete sentence

Is my favorite Mediterranean spread hummus?

UNC, tag on a complete sentence

My favorite Mediterranean spread is hummus, isn’t it?

UNC, the fused sentence fails the single-question test

Is my favorite Mediterranean spread hummus is it very garlicky?

UNC, 콤마 스플라이스

My hamster loved to play, I gave him a hula-hoop.

UNC, second splice

You wore a lovely hat, it was your only defense.

UNC, FANBOYS repair

You wore a lovely hat, for it was your only defense.

UNC, 접속부사, 맞음

Basketball is my favorite sport; however, table tennis is where I excel.

UNC, 접속부사, 역시 맞음

Basketball is my favorite sport. However, table tennis is where I excel.

UNC, 접속부사, 틀림

Basketball is my favorite sport, however, table tennis is where I excel.

UNC, 조각

Because their car was in the shop.

UNC, 완전(절이 앞)

Because their car was in the shop, they took the bus.

UNC, 완전(절이 뒤)

They took the bus because their car was in the shop.

UNC, fragment (time)

After the rain stops

UNC, fragment (condition)

When you finally take the test

템플릿, -ing 조각

Fragment: The participants ranging in age from 18 to 65. Complete: The participants ranged in age from 18 to 65.

APA Style, accessible typography (no serial comma)

Jiji the cat likes sleeping in the sun, cuddles and treats.

APA Style, accessible typography (serial comma)

Jiji the cat likes sleeping in the sun, cuddles, and treats.

APA Style, Tasha is not the sister

I bought presents for my sister, my father, and Tasha.

APA Style, Tasha is the sister

I bought presents for my father and my sister, Tasha.

APA Style, rewrite rather than drop the comma

I play basketball with Lebron James, Sheryl Swoops, and my son.

MLA Style Center, ambiguous without the comma

Lia ordered three smoothies: strawberry, peach and mango and pineapple.

MLA Style Center, why that sentence fails

Without a serial comma placed after peach or after mango, it isn’t clear if “peach and mango” is one flavor or if “mango and pineapple” is.

MLA Style Center, second ambiguity

Sam took his dog for a walk and ran into Deirdre, a friend and his dentist.

UNC Writing Center, semicolons

I bought shiny, ripe apples; small, sweet, juicy grapes; and firm pears.

MLA Style Center, four speakers

The invited speakers are the association’s president; the vice president; the councilwoman, Suzette Tanner; and Walter McCarthy, the executive director.

CMOS Q&A, official rewrite of the tax-act sentence

The Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001, which became law on June 7, 2001, is the largest change in tax regulations in over two decades.

CMOS Q&A, restrictive

Pizza that’s less than an inch deep just isn’t Chicago-style.

CMOS Q&A, non-restrictive

Pizza, which is a favorite among Chicagoans, can be either bad for you or good, depending on how much of it you eat.

CMOS Q&A, restrictive which (British, no commas)

Pianos which have a fourth pedal to mute the strings are popular among apartment owners.

UNC, 제한

I like the paintings that hang in the SASB North lobby.

UNC, 비제한

My mother, who is an excellent cook, is thinking of opening a restaurant.

UNC, 안 됨

I’m planning to grow roses, that I find quite beautiful.

UNC, 됨

I’m planning to grow roses, which I find quite beautiful.

MLA, 다섯 가지 흔한 질문, 매달림

A renowned author, her work has received several awards.

MLA, 다섯 가지 흔한 질문, 붙임

A renowned author, she has received several awards for her work.

MLA, five common questions, exception

Given the weather conditions, schools and offices closed for the day.

MLA, 피자 매달림

Topped with pepperoni and covered with extra cheese, the children devoured the pizza.

MLA, 피자 수정

Topped with pepperoni and covered with extra cheese, the pizza was devoured by the children.

MLA, 행위자 없음

Turning the corner, a house came into view.

MLA, 행위자 제시

As we turned the corner, a house came into view.

MLA, mid-sentence dangler

Class participation should be considered when giving final grades in the course.

MLA, mid-sentence revised

Instructors should consider class participation when giving final grades in the course.

MLA, adjective dangler

Tired and cranky, Jack’s morning cup of coffee got him through the day.

MLA, adjective revised

Tired and cranky, Jack needed his morning cup of coffee to get him through the day.

MLA, like dangler

Like most office workers these days, our in-boxes are filled with e-mail.

MLA, as 매달림

As a dancer, your feet need proper care.

MLA, as 수정

As a dancer, you need to take proper care of your feet.

템플릿, 연구 도입

Dangling: Using regression analysis, the data showed significant trends. Attached: Using regression analysis, we found significant trends in the data.

UNC, 병렬 아님

The three pillars of the Mayor’s campaign are supporting local business, reducing crime, and education.

UNC, 병렬 동명사

The three pillars of the Mayor’s campaign are supporting local business, reducing crime, and increasing educational funding.

UNC, 병렬 명사

The three pillars of the Mayor’s campaign are local business development, crime reduction, and education.

UNC, non-parallel terms

The study included teenagers, people in their thirties, and octogenarians.

UNC, parallel terms

The study included people in their teens, in their thirties, and in their eighties.

MLA, not only 가 너무 앞섬

John not only noticed Bob’s new car but also Bob’s new toupee.

MLA, 지배 동사 뒤의 not only

John noticed not only Bob’s new car but also Bob’s new toupee.

MLA, 축약 대 소유

“It’s” is a contraction of “it” and “is,” and “you’re” is a contraction of “you” and “are.” “Its” is the possessive form of “it,” and “your” is the possessive form of “you.”

MLA, 복수에 아포스트로피 없음

For family names and any other proper noun, leave out the apostrophe to make them plural: “The Wallaces,” “Sundays.”

MLA, 복합 형용사에 하이픈

In phrases like “problem-solving strategies” and “event-planning guidelines,” hyphens make sense.

MLA, 명사구에는 하이픈을 치지 말 것

I have seen references to “the world-order,” “advanced problem-solving,” and “event-planning.” But these phrases don’t need hyphens.

MLA, 부정 뒤 모호한 because

He did not learn anything that day because he was asleep in class.

MLA, because 앞 콤마

He did not learn anything that day, because he was asleep in class.

• 맞춤법 검사기에만 기대지 마세요. your / you're, to / too, there / their 를 놓칩니다.
• 문법 검사기 표시를 가설로 다루세요. UNC: 프로그램은 제한된 규칙으로 움직이며 자주 실수합니다.
• 한 번에 한 종류의 오류만 교정하세요.
• 천천히 읽고 모든 단어를 읽으세요. 소리 내어 읽어 절 경계를 들으세요.
• 텍스트를 개별 문장으로 나누거나 자로 각 줄을 격리하세요.
• 모든 구두점에 원을 치고 필수인지 물으세요.
• 철자는 단어마다 거꾸로, 문법은 문장마다 읽으세요.
• 확신하지 못하는 사례를 찾아보세요. UNC의 시험 질문은 여전히 Should you use “that” instead of “which”? 입니다.

• 모든 동사가 진짜 주어와 일치함, one of the… 절 포함
• Data, criteria, phenomena 가 하우스 스타일과 일관됨
• APA 7, CMOS 18, MLA가 요구하는 곳에서는 singular they를 사용; 남은 일반적 he 없음
• 콤마 스플라이스 없음, however 가 콤마만으로 절을 잇지 않음
• 종속절 조각 없음
• 지정 매뉴얼이 APA, CMOS, MLA이면 세 항목 이상의 모든 목록에 시리얼 쉼표(항목에 이미 쉼표가 있으면 시리얼 세미콜론)
• 제한절은 콤마 없이 that, 부가 정보는 콤마와 함께 which
• 앞 수식어가 다음 명사에 붙음, A renowned author, her work… 없음
• 목록이 병렬이고 not only 가 지배 동사 뒤에 있음
• 아포스트로피는 소유나 축약이며, 연도 복수, PhDs, Sundays 가 아님
• 휴식을 취한 뒤 초고를 소리 내어 읽었음