शैक्षणिक लेखन में आम व्याकरण त्रुटियाँ

• Agreement. वास्तविक कर्ता ढूँढें, निकटतम संज्ञा नहीं। The collection of samples was लेता है, were नहीं (template)। APA 7 §4.15: क्रिया संख्या में कर्ता से सहमत होती है। UNC: one of the problems that… में, क्रिया problems से सहमत होती है।
• Data। CMOS सामान्य प्रयोग में data को द्रव्य संज्ञा (less data) और विज्ञान में बहुवचन (fewer data) मानता है। हर क्षेत्र पर एक रूप न थोपें।
• Singular they. APA 7 §4.18, CMOS 18, और MLA Style Center सभी generic और referential they स्वीकार करते हैं। they are लिखें, they is नहीं। किसी व्यक्ति के बताए सर्वनाम को he or she में “सुधार” न करें।
• Comma splice / run-on. दो स्वतंत्र clauses के लिए full stop, semicolon, dash, या comma के साथ coordinating conjunction चाहिए। केवल comma splice है। UNC: आप बस comma नहीं जोड़ सकते।
• खंड। Because… उपवाक्य तब तक वाक्य नहीं है जब तक वह स्वतंत्र उपवाक्य से जुड़ न जाए।
• Serial comma. APA, CMOS, और MLA तीन या अधिक की श्रृंखला में अंतिम and या or से पहले comma चाहते हैं। UNC छोटी सूची में उस अंतिम comma को वैकल्पिक मानता है। शैक्षणिक पत्र निर्धारित manual का पालन करते हैं, news desk का या UNC के वैकल्पिक default का नहीं।
• That / which. Restrictive clause: that (कोई comma नहीं) US academic default है। अतिरिक्त जानकारी: which (commas)। That non-restrictive clause नहीं खोल सकता।
• Dangling modifier। MLA: वह वाक्यांश जो कुछ भी संशोधित नहीं करता, या गलत संज्ञा संशोधित करता है, लटकता है। A renowned author, her work… में लेखक से जुड़ने के लिए कोई संज्ञा नहीं है।
• समानांतर सूचियाँ। श्रृंखला की प्रत्येक मद को एक ही व्याकरणिक आकार साझा करना चाहिए। UNC: supporting…, reducing…, and education विफलता-रूप है। MLA: not only उस क्रिया के बाद बैठता है जो दोनों मदों को नियंत्रित करती है।
• Apostrophes। MLA: it’s = it is; its स्वामित्व है। नामों और सप्ताह के दिनों के बहुवचन में apostrophe नहीं: The Wallaces, Sundays।

सामंजस्य टेम्पलेट, गलत

The collection of samples were completed in March.

सामंजस्य टेम्पलेट, सही

The collection of samples was completed in March.

उपवाक्य-सीमा टेम्पलेट

दो पूर्ण विचार: full stop, semicolon, dash, या comma + and/but/or/so। केवल comma नहीं।

संशोधक टेम्पलेट

आरंभिक वाक्यांश + वह व्यक्ति या वस्तु जिसने वास्तव में किया। Data, पेपर, या परिणाम नहीं।

APA Style, Singular “they” (§4.18; last updated July 2022)

The singular “they” is a generic third-person singular pronoun in English. Use of the singular “they” is endorsed as part of APA Style because it is inclusive of all people and helps writers avoid making assumptions about gender.

APA Style, Singular “they” (verb agreement)

Use a plural verb form with the singular pronoun “they” (i.e., write “they are” not “they is”).

APA Style student-paper checklist, Grammar (Publication Manual §4.15)

Use verbs that agree in number (i.e., singular or plural) with their subjects.

APA Style student-paper checklist, Pronouns (Publication Manual §§4.16–4.21)

Use the singular “they” when referring to a person who uses it as their self-identified pronoun or to a person whose gender is unknown or irrelevant.

CMOS Shop Talk (announcing CMOS 18)

The generic singular they will now be considered acceptable even in formal writing—for example, when the antecedent is an indefinite pronoun (someone forgot their coat) or when referring to a person whose gender is unknown or irrelevant (will the driver of the yellow sedan please move their car) or whose identity must be concealed (the author wants their privacy protected).

University of Chicago News, 21 February 2025 (CMOS 18)

Though the 17th edition of the Manual had previously endorsed the use of “they/them” as a personal pronoun, the newest edition now explicitly endorses the use of the generic singular “they” when referring to a person whose gender is unknown or unspecified (for example, each student should bring their own lunch).

MLA Style Center, How do I use singular they? (4 March 2020)

The MLA advises writers to always follow the personal pronouns of individuals they write about.

MLA Style Center, Serial Commas and Serial Semicolons

Proponents of the serial comma, like the MLA, would decry the inconsistency of the use-it-when-you-need-it approach and advocate using the serial comma in all series of three or more items or phrases.

APA Style, Accessible typography (Myth 6; last updated February 2024)

Not everyone calls for the serial comma: APA’s Publication Manual, the MLA Handbook, the Chicago Manual of Style, and Elements of Style require it, whereas The Associated Press Stylebook leaves it optional.

APA Style, student-paper formatting checklist

Use a serial comma before the final element in lists of three or more items.

Chicago Manual of Style Q&A (Usage and Grammar #364)

Even though “data” doesn’t look like a plural, you would write “less data” or “fewer data” depending on whether you consider “data” as a mass noun (as in common usage) or as a plural (as in the sciences).

Chicago Manual of Style Q&A (Which vs. That)

The basic rule: Use “which” plus commas to set off nonrestrictive (unnecessary) clauses; use “that” to introduce a restrictive (necessary) clause:

UNC Writing Center, Fragments and Run-ons

You CANNOT simply add a comma between the two sentences, or you’ll end up with what’s called a “comma splice.”

MLA Style Center, dangling modifiers

When a modifier modifies the wrong word or has nothing to modify at all, writing experts say that the modifier dangles.

APA Style, Lists

When writing a list, ensure all items are syntactically and conceptually parallel.

टेम्पलेट, गलत

The collection of samples were completed in March.

टेम्पलेट, सही

The collection of samples was completed in March.

टेम्पलेट, गलत

Each of the participants were given a questionnaire.

टेम्पलेट, सही

Each of the participants was given a questionnaire.

Each एकवचन है भले बाद में बहुवचन संज्ञा आए। पहली जोड़ी का कर्ता collection है, samples नहीं।

UNC, बहुवचन

People who win the lottery are lucky. (plural verb)

UNC, एकवचन

A person who wins the lottery every year is lucky. (singular verb)

UNC, that problem से मेल खाता है

Homelessness is a problem that needs to be addressed. (singular problem)

UNC, that problems से मेल खाता है

Homelessness is one of the problems that need to be addressed. (plural problems)

CMOS, द्रव्य संज्ञा के रूप में data

We had a lot less data to support our hypothesis than we wanted. [data as mass noun]

CMOS, बहुवचन संज्ञा के रूप में data

The second group of researchers returned fewer data than the first. [data as a plural noun]

CMOS, emissions (official preference)

fewer CO₂ emissions, but less CO₂ (carbon dioxide is a mass—or noncount—noun: CO₂ is; CO₂ emissions are)

CMOS: बाद का उपयोग, fewer सहित, AMA Manual of Style (10th ed., §7.8.2) द्वारा समर्थित है। उसी उत्तर में lower emissions अच्छा विकल्प है; less emissions sticklers को संतुष्ट नहीं करेगा।

MLA, specific use

Jules is writing their research paper on Jane Austen’s Persuasion.

MLA, specific use, reflexive

Ari read the instructions to themselves [or themself] before beginning the test.

MLA, generic (do not invent a gender)

Each taxpayer must file his or her tax return before 15 April.

MLA, generic, singular they

Each taxpayer must file their tax return before 15 April.

MLA, generic, they after When a celebrity

When a celebrity joins Twitter they gain tens of thousands of followers within minutes.

MLA, anonymous reviewer

The anonymous reviewer recommends in their report that the essay be published after minor revisions.

MLA, Everyone

Everyone wants to do well on their midterm.

MLA: generic उपयोगों के लिए, लेखकों को अकेले he या she या he और she का वैकल्पिक उपयोग नहीं करना चाहिए। Plural recast या pronoun-free rewrite भी स्वीकार्य है। व्यक्ति के बताए they से बचने के लिए उन workarounds का उपयोग न करें।

APA / CMOS 18, generic (official CMOS example)

someone forgot their coat

APA / CMOS 18, generic (UChicago News example)

each student should bring their own lunch

APA Style, official form table (Casey)

Casey is a gender-fluid person. They are from Texas and enjoy tacos.

APA verb form

they are (not they is)

APA noun form

Casey is or a person is (not Casey are or a person are)

लिंग गढ़ें नहीं

सामान्य के रूप में he उपयोग न करें। APA: (s)he या s/he जैसे संयोजन रूप उपयोग न करें। he or she केवल तब उपयोग करें जब वे सर्वनाम वास्तव में वर्णित लोगों से मेल खाते हों।

जब they अटपटा लगे

APA allows a rewrite that drops the pronoun, or a plural recast (Students must submit their assignments). Do not use those workarounds to avoid a person’s stated they.

टेम्पलेट, अस्पष्ट

The researchers discussed the results with the participants, and they were satisfied.

टेम्पलेट, स्पष्ट

The researchers discussed the results with the participants, and the participants were satisfied.

UNC, shortest complete sentence

They waited.

UNC, run-on (जुड़ा वाक्य)

My favorite Mediterranean spread is hummus it is very garlicky.

UNC, अर्धविराम

My favorite Mediterranean spread is hummus; it is very garlicky.

UNC, अल्पविराम + समन्वय संयोजक

My favorite Mediterranean spread is hummus, and it is very garlicky.

UNC, दो वाक्य

My favorite Mediterranean spread is hummus. It is very garlicky.

UNC, subordinating conjunction

My favorite Mediterranean spread is hummus because it is very garlicky.

UNC, em-dash

My favorite Mediterranean spread is hummus—it is very garlicky.

UNC, comma splice (अवैध «सुधार»)

My favorite Mediterranean spread is hummus, it is very garlicky.

UNC, yes/no on a complete sentence

Is my favorite Mediterranean spread hummus?

UNC, tag on a complete sentence

My favorite Mediterranean spread is hummus, isn’t it?

UNC, the fused sentence fails the single-question test

Is my favorite Mediterranean spread hummus is it very garlicky?

UNC, comma splice

My hamster loved to play, I gave him a hula-hoop.

UNC, second splice

You wore a lovely hat, it was your only defense.

UNC, FANBOYS repair

You wore a lovely hat, for it was your only defense.

UNC, संयोजक क्रियाविशेषण, सही

Basketball is my favorite sport; however, table tennis is where I excel.

UNC, संयोजक क्रियाविशेषण, भी सही

Basketball is my favorite sport. However, table tennis is where I excel.

UNC, संयोजक क्रियाविशेषण, गलत

Basketball is my favorite sport, however, table tennis is where I excel.

UNC, खंड

Because their car was in the shop.

UNC, पूर्ण (उपवाक्य पहले)

Because their car was in the shop, they took the bus.

UNC, पूर्ण (उपवाक्य बाद में)

They took the bus because their car was in the shop.

UNC, fragment (time)

After the rain stops

UNC, fragment (condition)

When you finally take the test

टेम्पलेट, -ing खंड

खंड: The participants ranging in age from 18 to 65. पूर्ण: The participants ranged in age from 18 to 65.

APA Style, accessible typography (no serial comma)

Jiji the cat likes sleeping in the sun, cuddles and treats.

APA Style, accessible typography (serial comma)

Jiji the cat likes sleeping in the sun, cuddles, and treats.

APA Style, Tasha is not the sister

I bought presents for my sister, my father, and Tasha.

APA Style, Tasha is the sister

I bought presents for my father and my sister, Tasha.

APA Style, rewrite rather than drop the comma

I play basketball with Lebron James, Sheryl Swoops, and my son.

MLA Style Center, ambiguous without the comma

Lia ordered three smoothies: strawberry, peach and mango and pineapple.

MLA Style Center, why that sentence fails

Without a serial comma placed after peach or after mango, it isn’t clear if “peach and mango” is one flavor or if “mango and pineapple” is.

MLA Style Center, second ambiguity

Sam took his dog for a walk and ran into Deirdre, a friend and his dentist.

UNC Writing Center, semicolons

I bought shiny, ripe apples; small, sweet, juicy grapes; and firm pears.

MLA Style Center, four speakers

The invited speakers are the association’s president; the vice president; the councilwoman, Suzette Tanner; and Walter McCarthy, the executive director.

CMOS Q&A, official rewrite of the tax-act sentence

The Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001, which became law on June 7, 2001, is the largest change in tax regulations in over two decades.

CMOS Q&A, restrictive

Pizza that’s less than an inch deep just isn’t Chicago-style.

CMOS Q&A, non-restrictive

Pizza, which is a favorite among Chicagoans, can be either bad for you or good, depending on how much of it you eat.

CMOS Q&A, restrictive which (British, no commas)

Pianos which have a fourth pedal to mute the strings are popular among apartment owners.

UNC, निबंधात्मक

I like the paintings that hang in the SASB North lobby.

UNC, अ-निबंधात्मक

My mother, who is an excellent cook, is thinking of opening a restaurant.

UNC, ठीक नहीं

I’m planning to grow roses, that I find quite beautiful.

UNC, ठीक

I’m planning to grow roses, which I find quite beautiful.

MLA, five common questions, dangling

A renowned author, her work has received several awards.

MLA, five common questions, जुड़ा

A renowned author, she has received several awards for her work.

MLA, five common questions, exception

Given the weather conditions, schools and offices closed for the day.

MLA, पिज़्ज़ा dangler

Topped with pepperoni and covered with extra cheese, the children devoured the pizza.

MLA, पिज़्ज़ा संशोधित

Topped with pepperoni and covered with extra cheese, the pizza was devoured by the children.

MLA, कोई कर्ता नहीं

Turning the corner, a house came into view.

MLA, कर्ता दिया

As we turned the corner, a house came into view.

MLA, mid-sentence dangler

Class participation should be considered when giving final grades in the course.

MLA, mid-sentence revised

Instructors should consider class participation when giving final grades in the course.

MLA, adjective dangler

Tired and cranky, Jack’s morning cup of coffee got him through the day.

MLA, adjective revised

Tired and cranky, Jack needed his morning cup of coffee to get him through the day.

MLA, like dangler

Like most office workers these days, our in-boxes are filled with e-mail.

MLA, as dangler

As a dancer, your feet need proper care.

MLA, as संशोधित

As a dancer, you need to take proper care of your feet.

टेम्पलेट, शोध आरंभ

Dangling: Using regression analysis, the data showed significant trends. Attached: Using regression analysis, we found significant trends in the data.

UNC, समानांतर नहीं

The three pillars of the Mayor’s campaign are supporting local business, reducing crime, and education.

UNC, समानांतर gerunds

The three pillars of the Mayor’s campaign are supporting local business, reducing crime, and increasing educational funding.

UNC, समानांतर संज्ञाएँ

The three pillars of the Mayor’s campaign are local business development, crime reduction, and education.

UNC, non-parallel terms

The study included teenagers, people in their thirties, and octogenarians.

UNC, parallel terms

The study included people in their teens, in their thirties, and in their eighties.

MLA, not only बहुत जल्दी

John not only noticed Bob’s new car but also Bob’s new toupee.

MLA, नियंत्रक क्रिया के बाद not only

John noticed not only Bob’s new car but also Bob’s new toupee.

MLA, संकुचन बनाम स्वामित्व

“It’s” is a contraction of “it” and “is,” and “you’re” is a contraction of “you” and “are.” “Its” is the possessive form of “it,” and “your” is the possessive form of “you.”

MLA, बहुवचन में apostrophe नहीं

For family names and any other proper noun, leave out the apostrophe to make them plural: “The Wallaces,” “Sundays.”

MLA, यौगिक विशेषण पर hyphen

In phrases like “problem-solving strategies” and “event-planning guidelines,” hyphens make sense.

MLA, संज्ञा वाक्यांश पर hyphen न लगाएँ

I have seen references to “the world-order,” “advanced problem-solving,” and “event-planning.” But these phrases don’t need hyphens.

MLA, नकारात्मक के बाद अस्पष्ट because

He did not learn anything that day because he was asleep in class.

MLA, because से पहले अल्पविराम

He did not learn anything that day, because he was asleep in class.

• वर्तनी जाँचकों पर पूरी तरह निर्भर न रहें। वे your / you're, to / too, और there / their चूकते हैं।
• व्याकरण-जाँचक झंडों को परिकल्पना मानें। UNC: कार्यक्रम सीमित संख्या के नियमों से चलते हैं और अक्सर गलती करते हैं।
• एक समय में केवल एक प्रकार की त्रुटि प्रूफरीड करें।
• धीरे पढ़ें, और हर शब्द पढ़ें। ज़ोर से पढ़ें ताकि उपवाक्य-सीमाएँ सुनाई दें।
• पाठ को अलग-अलग वाक्यों में बाँटें, या शासक से प्रत्येक पंक्ति अलग करें।
• प्रत्येक विराम चिह्न घेरें और पूछें कि वह आवश्यक है या नहीं।
• वर्तनी के लिए शब्द-दर-शब्द पीछे पढ़ें; व्याकरण के लिए वाक्य-दर-वाक्य।
• जिस मामले पर पक्का नहीं हैं उसे देखें। UNC का जाँच प्रश्न अभी भी Should you use “that” instead of “which”? है।

• प्रत्येक क्रिया वास्तविक कर्ता से मेल खाती है, one of the… उपवाक्य सहित
• Data, criteria, और phenomena हाउस स्टाइल से सुसंगत हैं
• Singular they जहाँ APA 7, CMOS 18, या MLA चाहते हैं वहाँ उपयोग; कोई बचा generic he नहीं
• कोई comma splices नहीं; however अकेले अल्पविराम से उपवाक्य नहीं जोड़ रहा
• कोई आश्रित-उपवाक्य खंड नहीं
• तीन या अधिक की हर श्रृंखला में serial comma है यदि निर्धारित manual APA, CMOS, या MLA है (या जब item में पहले से commas हों तो serial semicolons)
• निबंधात्मक उपवाक्य बिना अल्पविराम that उपयोग करते हैं; अतिरिक्त जानकारी अल्पविराम सहित which
• आरंभिक संशोधक अगली संज्ञा से जुड़ते हैं; कोई A renowned author, her work… नहीं
• सूचियाँ समानांतर हैं; not only नियंत्रक क्रिया के बाद बैठता है
• Apostrophes स्वामित्व या संकुचन हैं, कभी बहुवचन वर्ष, PhDs, या Sundays नहीं
• विराम के बाद मसौदा ज़ोर से पढ़ा गया है