学术写作中常见的语法错误
即使是经验丰富的学者,也会犯一些可能损害其可信度的语法错误。本指南列出了学术写作中最常见的语法错误,并提供清晰的应对策略,帮助你以专业的方式呈现你的研究。
为什么语法在学术写作中很重要
语法错误会分散读者对你观点的注意力,还可能给人留下粗心大意或缺乏专业能力的印象。虽然内容才是最重要的,但语法上的严谨能体现专业素养,并确保你的信息被准确理解。
错误一:主谓一致错误
主语和谓语在数上必须一致。当主语结构复杂,或有词语将主语和谓语隔开时,这一点会变得棘手。
错误:
"The collection of samples were completed in March."
正确:
"The collection of samples was completed in March."
主语是「collection」(单数),而非「samples」
错误:
"Each of the participants were given a questionnaire."
正确:
"Each of the participants was given a questionnaire."
「Each」是单数,即使后面跟着复数名词
需要留意的情况:
- Data: 在正式写作中,「data」是复数形式:「The data show...」(不过将「data」作单数使用也正日益被接受)
- Criteria/criterion: 「criteria」是复数形式;「criterion」是单数形式
- Phenomena/phenomenon: 「phenomena」是复数形式;「phenomenon」是单数形式
错误二:代词与先行词不一致
代词在数和性上必须与其先行词一致。单数先行词需要搭配单数代词。
错误:
"Each student must submit their assignment by Friday."
正确写法:
"Each student must submit his or her assignment by Friday."
「Students must submit their assignments by Friday.」(将两者都改为复数)
注意:单数「they」在正式写作中正日益被接受,不过一些样式指南仍推荐使用传统的单数形式,或将整句改为复数。
错误三:逗号粘连句与流水句
逗号粘连句(comma splice)是仅用逗号连接两个独立分句;流水句(run-on sentence)则是完全不加标点地连接它们。
逗号粘连句:
"The study lasted six months, it included 200 participants."
正确写法:
"The study lasted six months; it included 200 participants."(分号)
"The study lasted six months, and it included 200 participants."(逗号+连词)
"The study lasted six months. It included 200 participants."(拆成两句)
错误四:句子片段
句子片段缺少主语、谓语或完整的意思。片段有时会作为修辞手法使用,但在正式学术写作中应予以避免。
片段:
"Because the results were inconclusive."
完整句子:
"The study was extended because the results were inconclusive."
片段:
"The participants ranging in age from 18 to 65."
完整句子:
"The participants ranged in age from 18 to 65."
错误五:修饰语错位与悬垂
修饰语应紧邻其所修饰的词语。修饰语错位会造成歧义或产生并非本意的含义。
悬垂修饰语:
"Using regression analysis, the data showed significant trends."
正确:
"Using regression analysis, we found that the data showed significant trends."
错位修饰语:
"The researcher presented findings to the committee that were groundbreaking."
正确:
"The researcher presented groundbreaking findings to the committee."
错误六:撇号使用不当
撇号表示所有格或缩写,而非复数。这是学术写作中最常见的错误之一。
| 错误 | 正确 | 规则 |
|---|---|---|
| 1990's | 1990s | 年份复数不需要撇号 |
| PhD's | PhDs | 缩写词复数不需要撇号 |
| its' | its(所有格)/ it's(it is) | 「its」是所有格;「it's」= 「it is」 |
| who's theory | whose theory | 「whose」是所有格;「who's」= 「who is」 |
| your'e | you're(you are)/ your(所有格) | 不要混淆所有格和缩写形式 |
错误七:平行结构错误
列表或并列成分中的各项应采用相同的语法形式。平行结构能提升清晰度和可读性。
非平行结构:
"The study aimed to identify trends, analyzing patterns, and the prediction of future outcomes."
平行结构:
"The study aimed to identify trends, analyze patterns, and predict future outcomes."
错误八:混淆常被混用的词语
| 词语对 | 用法 | 示例 |
|---|---|---|
| Effect / Affect | Effect = 名词(结果);Affect = 动词(影响) | The treatment affected outcomes. The effect was significant. |
| Than / Then | Than = 比较;Then = 时间 | Group A performed better than Group B. We collected data, then analyzed it. |
| Comprise / Compose | Comprise = 包含(整体由部分组成);Compose = 构成(部分组成整体) | The study comprises three phases. Three phases compose the study. |
| Ensure / Insure | Ensure = 确保;Insure = 投保 | Steps were taken to ensure validity. |
| Principal / Principle | Principal = 主要的;Principle = 基本原则 | The principal finding was unexpected. The study followed ethical principles. |
错误九:介词使用不当
某些词语需要搭配特定的介词。这类搭配是习语性的,必须靠记忆掌握。
| 错误 | 正确 |
|---|---|
| Different than | Different from |
| Comply to | Comply with |
| Consistent to | Consistent with |
| Independent from | Independent of |
| Based off of | Based on |
错误十:代词指代不清
每个代词都应清楚地指向某个具体的先行词。含糊的代词会让读者感到困惑。
指代不清:
"The researchers discussed the results with the participants, andthey were satisfied."
指代清晰:
"The researchers discussed the results with the participants, and the participants were satisfied."
语法检查策略
1. 大声朗读
大声朗读你的作品有助于发现眼睛容易漏掉的错误。耳朵往往能察觉到眼睛发现不了的问题。
2. 明智地使用语法工具
像Grammarly这样的工具可以有所帮助,但不要完全依赖它们。它们会漏掉依赖具体语境的错误,有时还会给出错误的建议。
3. 打印出来检查
错误在纸面上比在屏幕上更容易被发现。将作品打印出来进行最后的校对。
4. 每次只检查一种错误类型
针对不同类型的错误分别进行检查:一遍检查主谓一致,一遍检查逗号使用,以此类推。
5. 请他人帮忙校对
请别人帮你校对。他们能发现你已经习以为常、不再察觉的错误。
标点符号速查
逗号规则
- 并列连词之前: "The study was comprehensive, and the results were significant."
- 引导性成分之后: "After data collection, we began analysis."
- 非必要信息前后: "The study, which lasted six months, included 200 participants."
- 并列列举中: "We examined motivation, performance, and satisfaction."(建议使用牛津逗号)
分号规则
- 独立分句之间: "The study was completed; the results were published."
- 复杂并列列举中: "Participants came from Boston, Massachusetts; Portland, Oregon; and Austin, Texas."
各学科的语法注意事项
自然科学
- 研究方法和结果部分使用过去时
- 已确立的事实使用现在时
- 留意复数形式的拉丁语术语(data、criteria、phenomena)
社会科学
- 使用「以人为本」的表述:「people with disabilities」而非「disabled people」
- 避免涉及年龄、性别、种族的偏见性表述
- 描述你的研究行为时使用主动语态
人文学科
- 讨论文学作品时使用现在时(「Hamlet says...」)
- 描述历史事件时,过去时/现在时的使用要前后一致
- 注意假设性陈述中的虚拟语气
校对检查清单
提交前请检查:
- □ 所有主语和谓语在数上均保持一致
- □ 代词与先行词保持一致
- □ 没有逗号粘连句或流水句
- □ 所有句子都是完整的(没有片段)
- □ 修饰语紧邻其所修饰的词语
- □ 撇号使用正确
- □ 列表和并列列举中保持平行结构
- □ 常被混用的词语使用正确
- □ 介词搭配符合习语用法
- □ 所有代词指代清晰
- □ 标点符号遵循样式指南的规则
- □ 已大声朗读全文