Akademik yazımda sık görülen dilbilgisi hataları

• Agreement. Gerçek özneyi bulun, en yakın ismi değil. The collection of samples was alır, were değil (template). APA 7 §4.15: fiil sayıda özneyle uyum sağlar. UNC: one of the problems that… içinde fiil problems ile uyum sağlar.
• Data. CMOS, data’yı yaygın kullanımda kütle adı (less data) veya bilimlerde çoğul (fewer data) sayar. Her alana tek bir biçim dayatmayın.
• Singular they. APA 7 §4.18, CMOS 18 ve MLA Style Center hepsi generic ve referential they'yi kabul eder. they are yazın, they is değil. Bir kişinin belirttiği zamirini he or she'ye “düzeltmeyin”.
• Comma splice / run-on. İki bağımsız clause için nokta, semicolon, dash veya virgül artı coordinating conjunction gerekir. Yalnızca virgül splice'tır. UNC: sadece virgül ekleyemezsiniz.
• Parça. Bir Because… yan cümlesi bağımsız bir yan cümleye bağlanana kadar cümle değildir.
• Serial comma. APA, CMOS ve MLA üç veya daha fazla öğeli seride son and veya or öncesinde virgül ister. UNC kısa listede son virgülü isteğe bağlı sayar. Akademik makaleler atanan manual'ı izler, haber masasını veya UNC'nin isteğe bağlı default'unu değil.
• That / which. Restrictive clause: that (virgül yok) ABD akademik default'udur. Ek bilgi: which (virgüller). That non-restrictive clause açamaz.
• Sarkan niteleyici. MLA: hiçbir şeyi veya yanlış adı niteleyen bir öbek sarkar. A renowned author, her work… yazarın bağlanacağı bir ad taşımaz.
• Paralel listeler. Dizideki her öğe aynı dilbilgisel biçimi paylaşmalıdır. UNC: supporting…, reducing…, and education başarısızlık kipidir. MLA: not only, her iki öğeyi yöneten fiilden sonra durur.
• Kesme işaretleri. MLA: it’s = it is; its iyeliktir. Adların ve hafta günlerinin çoğulu kesme işareti almaz: The Wallaces, Sundays.

Uyum şablonu, yanlış

The collection of samples were completed in March.

Uyum şablonu, doğru

The collection of samples was completed in March.

Yan cümle sınırı şablonu

İki tam düşünce: nokta, semicolon, dash veya virgül + and/but/or/so. Yalnızca virgül değil.

Niteleyici şablonu

Opening phrase + the person or thing that actually did it. Not the data, the paper, or the results.

APA Style, Singular “they” (§4.18; last updated July 2022)

The singular “they” is a generic third-person singular pronoun in English. Use of the singular “they” is endorsed as part of APA Style because it is inclusive of all people and helps writers avoid making assumptions about gender.

APA Style, Singular “they” (verb agreement)

Use a plural verb form with the singular pronoun “they” (i.e., write “they are” not “they is”).

APA Style student-paper checklist, Grammar (Publication Manual §4.15)

Use verbs that agree in number (i.e., singular or plural) with their subjects.

APA Style student-paper checklist, Pronouns (Publication Manual §§4.16–4.21)

Use the singular “they” when referring to a person who uses it as their self-identified pronoun or to a person whose gender is unknown or irrelevant.

CMOS Shop Talk (announcing CMOS 18)

The generic singular they will now be considered acceptable even in formal writing—for example, when the antecedent is an indefinite pronoun (someone forgot their coat) or when referring to a person whose gender is unknown or irrelevant (will the driver of the yellow sedan please move their car) or whose identity must be concealed (the author wants their privacy protected).

University of Chicago News, 21 February 2025 (CMOS 18)

Though the 17th edition of the Manual had previously endorsed the use of “they/them” as a personal pronoun, the newest edition now explicitly endorses the use of the generic singular “they” when referring to a person whose gender is unknown or unspecified (for example, each student should bring their own lunch).

MLA Style Center, How do I use singular they? (4 March 2020)

The MLA advises writers to always follow the personal pronouns of individuals they write about.

MLA Style Center, Serial Commas and Serial Semicolons

Proponents of the serial comma, like the MLA, would decry the inconsistency of the use-it-when-you-need-it approach and advocate using the serial comma in all series of three or more items or phrases.

APA Style, Accessible typography (Myth 6; last updated February 2024)

Not everyone calls for the serial comma: APA’s Publication Manual, the MLA Handbook, the Chicago Manual of Style, and Elements of Style require it, whereas The Associated Press Stylebook leaves it optional.

APA Style, student-paper formatting checklist

Use a serial comma before the final element in lists of three or more items.

Chicago Manual of Style Q&A (Usage and Grammar #364)

Even though “data” doesn’t look like a plural, you would write “less data” or “fewer data” depending on whether you consider “data” as a mass noun (as in common usage) or as a plural (as in the sciences).

Chicago Manual of Style Q&A (Which vs. That)

The basic rule: Use “which” plus commas to set off nonrestrictive (unnecessary) clauses; use “that” to introduce a restrictive (necessary) clause:

UNC Writing Center, Fragments and Run-ons

You CANNOT simply add a comma between the two sentences, or you’ll end up with what’s called a “comma splice.”

MLA Style Center, dangling modifiers

When a modifier modifies the wrong word or has nothing to modify at all, writing experts say that the modifier dangles.

APA Style, Lists

When writing a list, ensure all items are syntactically and conceptually parallel.

Şablon, yanlış

The collection of samples were completed in March.

Şablon, doğru

The collection of samples was completed in March.

Şablon, yanlış

Each of the participants were given a questionnaire.

Şablon, doğru

Each of the participants was given a questionnaire.

Each, ardından çoğul bir ad gelse bile tekildir. İlk çiftin öznesi samples değil collection’dır.

UNC, çoğul

People who win the lottery are lucky. (plural verb)

UNC, tekil

A person who wins the lottery every year is lucky. (singular verb)

UNC, that problem ile uyuşur

Homelessness is a problem that needs to be addressed. (singular problem)

UNC, that problems ile uyuşur

Homelessness is one of the problems that need to be addressed. (plural problems)

CMOS, data kütle adı olarak

We had a lot less data to support our hypothesis than we wanted. [data as mass noun]

CMOS, data çoğul ad olarak

The second group of researchers returned fewer data than the first. [data as a plural noun]

CMOS, emissions (official preference)

fewer CO₂ emissions, but less CO₂ (carbon dioxide is a mass—or noncount—noun: CO₂ is; CO₂ emissions are)

CMOS: son kullanım, fewer dahil, AMA Manual of Style (10th ed., §7.8.2) tarafından desteklenendir. Aynı cevap lower emissions'ın iyi alternatif olduğunu söyler; less emissions sticklers'ı memnun etmez.

MLA, specific use

Jules is writing their research paper on Jane Austen’s Persuasion.

MLA, specific use, reflexive

Ari read the instructions to themselves [or themself] before beginning the test.

MLA, generic (do not invent a gender)

Each taxpayer must file his or her tax return before 15 April.

MLA, generic, singular they

Each taxpayer must file their tax return before 15 April.

MLA, generic, they after When a celebrity

When a celebrity joins Twitter they gain tens of thousands of followers within minutes.

MLA, anonymous reviewer

The anonymous reviewer recommends in their report that the essay be published after minor revisions.

MLA, Everyone

Everyone wants to do well on their midterm.

MLA: generic kullanımlar için yazılar yalnız he veya she kullanmamalı veya he ve she'yi dönüşümlü kullanmamalı. Plural recast veya pronoun-free rewrite da kabul edilebilir. Kişinin belirttiği they'den kaçmak için bu workaround'ları kullanmayın.

APA / CMOS 18, generic (official CMOS example)

someone forgot their coat

APA / CMOS 18, generic (UChicago News example)

each student should bring their own lunch

APA Style, official form table (Casey)

Casey is a gender-fluid person. They are from Texas and enjoy tacos.

APA verb form

they are (not they is)

APA noun form

Casey is or a person is (not Casey are or a person are)

Cinsiyet uydurmayın

Genel olarak he kullanmayın. APA: (s)he veya s/he gibi birleşik biçimler kullanmayın. He or she yalnızca bu zamirler gerçekten betimlenen kişilere uyuyorsa.

they sakar geldiğinde

APA allows a rewrite that drops the pronoun, or a plural recast (Students must submit their assignments). Do not use those workarounds to avoid a person’s stated they.

Şablon, belirsiz

The researchers discussed the results with the participants, and they were satisfied.

Şablon, açık

The researchers discussed the results with the participants, and the participants were satisfied.

UNC, shortest complete sentence

They waited.

UNC, run-on (kaynaşmış cümle)

My favorite Mediterranean spread is hummus it is very garlicky.

UNC, noktalı virgül

My favorite Mediterranean spread is hummus; it is very garlicky.

UNC, virgül + bağlaç

My favorite Mediterranean spread is hummus, and it is very garlicky.

UNC, iki cümle

My favorite Mediterranean spread is hummus. It is very garlicky.

UNC, subordinating conjunction

My favorite Mediterranean spread is hummus because it is very garlicky.

UNC, em-dash

My favorite Mediterranean spread is hummus—it is very garlicky.

UNC, virgül kaynaşması (yasa dışı “düzeltme”)

My favorite Mediterranean spread is hummus, it is very garlicky.

UNC, yes/no on a complete sentence

Is my favorite Mediterranean spread hummus?

UNC, tag on a complete sentence

My favorite Mediterranean spread is hummus, isn’t it?

UNC, the fused sentence fails the single-question test

Is my favorite Mediterranean spread hummus is it very garlicky?

UNC, virgül kaynaşması

My hamster loved to play, I gave him a hula-hoop.

UNC, second splice

You wore a lovely hat, it was your only defense.

UNC, FANBOYS repair

You wore a lovely hat, for it was your only defense.

UNC, bağlaçsı zarf, doğru

Basketball is my favorite sport; however, table tennis is where I excel.

UNC, bağlaçsı zarf, yine doğru

Basketball is my favorite sport. However, table tennis is where I excel.

UNC, bağlaçsı zarf, yanlış

Basketball is my favorite sport, however, table tennis is where I excel.

UNC, parça

Because their car was in the shop.

UNC, tam (yan cümle önce)

Because their car was in the shop, they took the bus.

UNC, tam (yan cümle sonra)

They took the bus because their car was in the shop.

UNC, fragment (time)

After the rain stops

UNC, fragment (condition)

When you finally take the test

Şablon, -ing parçası

Fragment: The participants ranging in age from 18 to 65. Complete: The participants ranged in age from 18 to 65.

APA Style, accessible typography (no serial comma)

Jiji the cat likes sleeping in the sun, cuddles and treats.

APA Style, accessible typography (serial comma)

Jiji the cat likes sleeping in the sun, cuddles, and treats.

APA Style, Tasha is not the sister

I bought presents for my sister, my father, and Tasha.

APA Style, Tasha is the sister

I bought presents for my father and my sister, Tasha.

APA Style, rewrite rather than drop the comma

I play basketball with Lebron James, Sheryl Swoops, and my son.

MLA Style Center, ambiguous without the comma

Lia ordered three smoothies: strawberry, peach and mango and pineapple.

MLA Style Center, why that sentence fails

Without a serial comma placed after peach or after mango, it isn’t clear if “peach and mango” is one flavor or if “mango and pineapple” is.

MLA Style Center, second ambiguity

Sam took his dog for a walk and ran into Deirdre, a friend and his dentist.

UNC Writing Center, semicolons

I bought shiny, ripe apples; small, sweet, juicy grapes; and firm pears.

MLA Style Center, four speakers

The invited speakers are the association’s president; the vice president; the councilwoman, Suzette Tanner; and Walter McCarthy, the executive director.

CMOS Q&A, official rewrite of the tax-act sentence

The Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001, which became law on June 7, 2001, is the largest change in tax regulations in over two decades.

CMOS Q&A, restrictive

Pizza that’s less than an inch deep just isn’t Chicago-style.

CMOS Q&A, non-restrictive

Pizza, which is a favorite among Chicagoans, can be either bad for you or good, depending on how much of it you eat.

CMOS Q&A, restrictive which (British, no commas)

Pianos which have a fourth pedal to mute the strings are popular among apartment owners.

UNC, kısıtlayıcı

I like the paintings that hang in the SASB North lobby.

UNC, kısıtlayıcı olmayan

My mother, who is an excellent cook, is thinking of opening a restaurant.

UNC, kabul edilmez

I’m planning to grow roses, that I find quite beautiful.

UNC, kabul edilir

I’m planning to grow roses, which I find quite beautiful.

MLA, beş yaygın soru, sarkıyor

A renowned author, her work has received several awards.

MLA, beş yaygın soru, bağlanmış

A renowned author, she has received several awards for her work.

MLA, five common questions, exception

Given the weather conditions, schools and offices closed for the day.

MLA, pizza sarkması

Topped with pepperoni and covered with extra cheese, the children devoured the pizza.

MLA, pizza gözden geçirilmiş

Topped with pepperoni and covered with extra cheese, the pizza was devoured by the children.

MLA, eyleyen yok

Turning the corner, a house came into view.

MLA, eyleyen sağlanmış

As we turned the corner, a house came into view.

MLA, mid-sentence dangler

Class participation should be considered when giving final grades in the course.

MLA, mid-sentence revised

Instructors should consider class participation when giving final grades in the course.

MLA, adjective dangler

Tired and cranky, Jack’s morning cup of coffee got him through the day.

MLA, adjective revised

Tired and cranky, Jack needed his morning cup of coffee to get him through the day.

MLA, like dangler

Like most office workers these days, our in-boxes are filled with e-mail.

MLA, as sarkması

As a dancer, your feet need proper care.

MLA, as gözden geçirilmiş

As a dancer, you need to take proper care of your feet.

Şablon, araştırma açılışı

Dangling: Using regression analysis, the data showed significant trends. Attached: Using regression analysis, we found significant trends in the data.

UNC, paralel değil

The three pillars of the Mayor’s campaign are supporting local business, reducing crime, and education.

UNC, paralel ulaçlar

The three pillars of the Mayor’s campaign are supporting local business, reducing crime, and increasing educational funding.

UNC, paralel adlar

The three pillars of the Mayor’s campaign are local business development, crime reduction, and education.

UNC, non-parallel terms

The study included teenagers, people in their thirties, and octogenarians.

UNC, parallel terms

The study included people in their teens, in their thirties, and in their eighties.

MLA, not only çok erken

John not only noticed Bob’s new car but also Bob’s new toupee.

MLA, not only yöneten fiilden sonra

John noticed not only Bob’s new car but also Bob’s new toupee.

MLA, kısaltma versus iyelik

“It’s” is a contraction of “it” and “is,” and “you’re” is a contraction of “you” and “are.” “Its” is the possessive form of “it,” and “your” is the possessive form of “you.”

MLA, çoğulda kesme işareti yok

For family names and any other proper noun, leave out the apostrophe to make them plural: “The Wallaces,” “Sundays.”

MLA, birleşik sıfatı tireleyin

In phrases like “problem-solving strategies” and “event-planning guidelines,” hyphens make sense.

MLA, ad öbeğini tirelemeyin

I have seen references to “the world-order,” “advanced problem-solving,” and “event-planning.” But these phrases don’t need hyphens.

MLA, olumsuzdan sonra belirsiz because

He did not learn anything that day because he was asleep in class.

MLA, because öncesi virgül

He did not learn anything that day, because he was asleep in class.

• Yazım denetleyicilerine tümüyle güvenmeyin. your / you're, to / too ve there / their’i kaçırırlar.
• Dilbilgisi-denetleyici bayraklarını hipotez sayın. UNC: programlar sınırlı sayıda kuralla çalışır ve sık sık hata yapar.
• Her seferinde yalnızca bir tür hatayı düzeltin.
• Yavaş okuyun ve her sözcüğü okuyun. Yan cümle sınırlarını duymak için sesli okuyun.
• Metni tek tek cümlelere ayırın veya her satırı bir cetvelle yalıtın.
• Her noktalama işaretini daire içine alın ve gerekli olup olmadığını sorun.
• Yazım için sözcük sözcük geriye; dilbilgisi için cümle cümle okuyun.
• Emin olmadığınız durumu bakın. UNC’nin sınav sorusu hâlâ Should you use “that” instead of “which”?’tir.

• Her fiil gerçek özneyle uyuşur, one of the… yan cümleleri dahil
• Data, criteria ve phenomena ev stiliyle tutarlıdır
• Singular they APA 7, CMOS 18 veya MLA'nın gerektirdiği yerde kullanılır; artık generic he kalmaz
• Virgül kaynaşması yoktur; however yan cümleleri yalnızca virgülle birleştirmez
• Bağımlı-yan-cümle parçası yoktur
• Atanan manual APA, CMOS veya MLA ise her üç veya daha fazla öğeli seride serial comma vardır (veya öğe zaten virgül içeriyorsa serial semicolons)
• Kısıtlayıcı yan cümleler virgülsüz that kullanır; ek bilgi virgüllü which kullanır
• Açılış niteleyicileri sonraki ada bağlanır; A renowned author, her work… yoktur
• Listeler paraleldir; not only yöneten fiilden sonra durur
• Kesme işaretleri iyelik veya kısaltmadır, asla çoğul yıllar, PhDs veya Sundays değil
• Taslak bir aradan sonra sesli okunmuştur