Akademik yazımda etken ve edilgen çatı

Etken (varsayılan):

Fail + fiil + nesne. Örnek biçim: We interviewed 40 nurses.

Edilgen (bilinçli):

Alıcı + be + past participle (+ by fail). Örnek biçim: Participants were randomly assigned to conditions.

Tek yazarlı APA makalesi:

Kendi işiniz için I kullanın: I coded the transcripts.

Ortak yazarlı APA makalesi:

Yazarlar birlikte için we kullanın: We coded the transcripts.

Şunu yazmayın:

The researcher coded the transcripts. / It was found that…

Both the active and the passive voice are permitted in APA Style. However, writers often overuse the passive voice.

Use the active voice as much as possible to create direct, clear, and concise sentences, especially when you are writing about the actions of people.

Use the passive voice when it is more important to focus on the recipient of an action than on who performed the action, such as when describing an experimental setup.

Etken:

the children ate the cookies

Edilgen, fail adlı:

the cookies were eaten by the children

Edilgen, fail düşürülmüş — APA’nın uyarısı:

the cookies were eaten

did the children eat the cookies, or was it the dog?

form of “to be” + past participle = passive voice

Why was the road crossed by the chicken?

Karşıya geçen tavuktur, ama road dilbilgisel öznedir. Alışılmış etken biçim faili öne koyar: why did the chicken cross the road?

Active voice is used for most non-scientific writing. Using active voice for the majority of your sentences makes your meaning clear for readers, and keeps the sentences from becoming too complicated or wordy. Even in scientific writing, too much use of passive voice can cloud the meaning of your sentences.

• Edilgen çatı bir dilbilgisi hatası değildir. Bir netlik seçimidir.
• Bir to be fiili otomatik olarak edilgen değildir. "John is a good student" bir durumu betimler.
• Birinci kişi otomatik olarak etken değildir. Birinci kişili edilgen bir cümle yazabilirsiniz.
• "Edilgeni asla kullanma"nın kendisi bir mittir. Bazı cümleler o yolla daha açıktır.
• Dilbilgisi denetleyicileri edilgenlerin yalnızca bir kısmını yakalar, çünkü bir hata işaretlemiyorlardır.

UNC birinci kişili edilgen:

I was hit by the dodgeball.

UNC varlık durumu (edilgen değil):

John is a good student

To create direct, clear, and concise sentences, especially when you are writing about the actions of people, use the active voice.

Yardımcıdan etken örnek:

Health department officials reported data on the spread of the COVID-19 Pirola variant.

Aynı yardımcıdan sınıf çifti:

The teacher gave scratch paper to the students before they took their test.

The scratch paper was given to the students by their teacher before they took their test.

APA Style öğretim yardımcısı (deney kurulumu):

The soil quality experiment was conducted in three stages—each stage judging the improvement of the soil when infused with a substantial number of unknown organic ingredients.

UNC, nesneyi vurgula:

One hundred votes are required to pass the bill.

UNC, bilinmeyen döken:

Over 120 different contaminants have been dumped into the river.

UNC, okurun kadın doğum uzmanına ihtiyacı yok:

Baby Sophia was delivered at 3:30 a.m. yesterday.

Use first-person pronouns in APA Style to describe your work as well as your personal reactions.

Doğru, tek yazar:

I explored treatments for social anxiety.

Do not use the third person to refer to yourself.

Kaçının:

The author explored treatments for social anxiety.

Kaçınılacak editoryal we:

We often worry about what other people think of us.

Belirtilmiş we:

As young adults, we often worry about what other people think of us.

Many writers believe the “no first-person” myth, which is that writers cannot use first-person pronouns such as “I” or “we” in an APA Style paper.

However, APA Style has no such rule against using first-person pronouns and actually encourages their use to avoid ambiguity in attribution!

It represents a continuation of a long-standing APA Style guideline that began with the second edition of the manual, in 1974.

If you did something, say, “I did it”—there’s no reason to hide your own agency by saying “the author [meaning you] did X” or to convolute things by using the passive “X was done [meaning done by you].”

UNC, birinci kişi kimin araştırdığını netleştirir:

In studying American popular culture of the 1980s, the question of to what degree materialism was a major characteristic of the cultural milieu was explored.

UNC revizyonu:

In our study of American popular culture of the 1980s, we explored the degree to which materialism characterized the cultural milieu.

UNC, inanç duyurusunu düşürün:

I think that Aristotle’s ethical arguments are logical and readily applicable to contemporary cases, or at least it seems that way to me.

UNC revizyonu:

Aristotle’s ethical arguments are logical and readily applicable to contemporary cases.

Let the first-person singular be, instead, a tool that you take out when you think it’s needed and that you leave in the toolbox when you think it’s not.

Kandel’in onu çıkarma durumları: bir keşfi anlatıyorsunuzdur, nasıl öğrettiğinizi betimliyorsunuzdur, mutlak hakikat iddia etmeden başka bir bilim insanıyla anlaşmazlığa düşüyorsunuzdur veya açık ve dolaysız kalmak için I’ya ihtiyacınız vardır. Alet kutusunda bırakma durumları: I o kadar sık görünür ki itici olur ve zaten bariz bir duruşu "I believe" veya "it seems to me" ile doldurursunuz.

Write clear and direct sentences. Using the active voice (‘we performed the experiment...’) typically helps readers better understand concepts and results described in a paper.

We wish to suggest a structure for the salt of deoxyribose nucleic acid (D.N.A.). This structure has novel features which are of considerable biological interest.

Edilgen bilim (UNC):

A number of things are indicated by these results.

we olmadan etken:

These results indicate a number of things.

Edilgen klinik cümle (UNC):

The balloon is positioned in an area of blockage and is inflated.

Adlandırılmış klinisyen:

The surgeon positions the balloon in an area of blockage and inflates it.

Fail eksik (UNC):

Heart disease is considered the leading cause of death in the United States.

Adlandırılmış araştırmacılar:

Researchers have concluded that heart disease is the leading cause of death in the United States.

Tembel edilgen (UNC):

The working class was marginalized. African Americans were discriminated against. Women were not treated as equals.

UNC antropoloji kâğıdı, fail eksik:

A new system of drug control laws was set up.

Adlandırılmış kurum:

The Lao People’s Revolutionary Party set up a new system of drug control laws.

Romancıyı gizleyen olay özeti:

Tom and Huck are portrayed as…

Adlandırılmış fail:

Twain portrays Tom and Huck as…

Adlandırılmış eleştirmen:

Anderson argues that…

UNC Odyssey örneği, fail eksik:

When her house was invaded, Penelope had to think of ways to delay her remarriage.

UNC revizyonu:

After suitors invaded Penelope’s house, she had to think of ways to fend them off.

UNC / Orwell’in hedefi:

Mistakes were made.

UNC’nin Exxon cümlesi:

The Exxon Company accepts that a few gallons might have been spilled.

CMOS Q&A, Usage and Grammar #198 (18. baskı şeridi):

Although it’s good to avoid excessive use of the passive voice, and it’s especially important to avoid using it to hide who has done something (“Lies were told”), the best writing usually involves regular use of the passive, and it would be a mistake to root it out as a policy.

CMOS Q&A, Usage and Grammar #185 (18. baskı şeridi):

The idea that the passive must be avoided is a superstition that language professionals long ago abandoned, although the prohibition remains popular.

CMOS Q&A #185 çatıları karıştırmak üzerine:

in good writing a mix of active and passive is essential for variation and eloquence, as you will find in any classic of English literature. (Strunk and White use the passive throughout The Elements of Style after famously recommending against it.)

APA yardımcısı, edilgen → etken:

The scratch paper was given to the students by their teacher… → The teacher gave scratch paper to the students…

APA Style, edilgen → soru:

the cookies were eaten → Who ate them? If you know, write the children ate the cookies.

UNC, we olmadan etken bilim:

A number of things are indicated by these results. → These results indicate a number of things.

Nature biçimi:

The experiment was performed… → we performed the experiment...

Sarkan niteleyici (CMOS 18 §5.119 örüntüyü işaretler):

Şablon, kaynak değil: Using qualitative methods, the study was conducted. → Using qualitative methods, we conducted the study.

1. be + past participle bulun. İkisi de oradaysa otomatik bir yeniden yazım değil, bir adayınız vardır.
2. Bir eylem var mı? Fiil yalnızca bir duruma ad veriyorsa ("the argument is sound"), durun. O edilgen değildir.
3. Eylemi kim veya ne yapıyor? Özne yuvasında mı, sonda by’dan sonra mı, yoksa eksik mi?
4. Adil bir okur who diye sorar mı? Evetse ve biliyorsanız etken cümleyi yazın.
5. Bir kararı, bir hatayı veya siyasi bir faili mi gizliyorsunuz? Evetse yeniden yazın. "Mistakes were made" test örneğidir.
6. Bir eleştirmeni veya romancıyı mı özetliyorsunuz? Soyadı fiilin önüne koyun.
7. İzlence veya dergi edilgen Yöntemler mi istiyor? O yerel kurala uyun; tartışmaya taşımayın.
8. Yalnız yazdığınız bir APA kâğıdında we veya "the researcher" mı yazdınız? Bunları I yapın.
9. Bir dilbilgisi denetleyicisi her is’i mi işaretledi? be + participle olmayanları yok sayın.