Kalimat aktif vs pasif dalam penulisan akademik

Aktif (bawaan):

Pelaku + verba + objek. Bentuk contoh: We interviewed 40 nurses.

Pasif (dengan sengaja):

Penerima + be + past participle (+ by pelaku). Bentuk contoh: Participants were randomly assigned to conditions.

Makalah APA penulis tunggal:

Gunakan I untuk pekerjaan Anda sendiri: I coded the transcripts.

Makalah APA dengan penulis bersama:

Gunakan we untuk para penulis bersama: We coded the transcripts.

Jangan tulis:

The researcher coded the transcripts. / It was found that…

Both the active and the passive voice are permitted in APA Style. However, writers often overuse the passive voice.

Use the active voice as much as possible to create direct, clear, and concise sentences, especially when you are writing about the actions of people.

Use the passive voice when it is more important to focus on the recipient of an action than on who performed the action, such as when describing an experimental setup.

Aktif:

the children ate the cookies

Pasif, pelaku dinamai:

the cookies were eaten by the children

Pasif, pelaku dihilangkan — peringatan APA:

the cookies were eaten

did the children eat the cookies, or was it the dog?

form of “to be” + past participle = passive voice

Why was the road crossed by the chicken?

Ayam yang melakukan penyeberangan, tetapi road adalah subjek gramatikal. Bentuk aktif yang familiar menaruh pelaku di depan: why did the chicken cross the road?

Active voice is used for most non-scientific writing. Using active voice for the majority of your sentences makes your meaning clear for readers, and keeps the sentences from becoming too complicated or wordy. Even in scientific writing, too much use of passive voice can cloud the meaning of your sentences.

• Kalimat pasif bukan kesalahan tata bahasa. Itu pilihan kejelasan.
• Verba to be tidak otomatis pasif. "John is a good student" menggambarkan keadaan.
• Orang pertama tidak otomatis aktif. Anda dapat menulis kalimat pasif orang pertama.
• "Jangan pernah memakai pasif" itu sendiri mitos. Beberapa kalimat lebih jelas dengan cara itu.
• Pemeriksa tata bahasa hanya menangkap sebagian kecil pasif, karena mereka tidak menandai sebuah kesalahan.

Pasif orang pertama UNC:

I was hit by the dodgeball.

Keadaan-berada UNC (bukan pasif):

John is a good student

To create direct, clear, and concise sentences, especially when you are writing about the actions of people, use the active voice.

Contoh aktif dari alat bantu:

Health department officials reported data on the spread of the COVID-19 Pirola variant.

Pasangan kelas dari alat bantu yang sama:

The teacher gave scratch paper to the students before they took their test.

The scratch paper was given to the students by their teacher before they took their test.

Alat bantu instruksional APA Style (penyiapan eksperimen):

The soil quality experiment was conducted in three stages—each stage judging the improvement of the soil when infused with a substantial number of unknown organic ingredients.

UNC, tekankan objek:

One hundred votes are required to pass the bill.

UNC, pembuang yang tidak diketahui:

Over 120 different contaminants have been dumped into the river.

UNC, pembaca tidak membutuhkan dokter kandungan:

Baby Sophia was delivered at 3:30 a.m. yesterday.

Use first-person pronouns in APA Style to describe your work as well as your personal reactions.

Benar, penulis tunggal:

I explored treatments for social anxiety.

Do not use the third person to refer to yourself.

Hindari:

The author explored treatments for social anxiety.

we editorial yang harus dihindari:

We often worry about what other people think of us.

we yang dispesifikasi:

As young adults, we often worry about what other people think of us.

Many writers believe the “no first-person” myth, which is that writers cannot use first-person pronouns such as “I” or “we” in an APA Style paper.

However, APA Style has no such rule against using first-person pronouns and actually encourages their use to avoid ambiguity in attribution!

It represents a continuation of a long-standing APA Style guideline that began with the second edition of the manual, in 1974.

If you did something, say, “I did it”—there’s no reason to hide your own agency by saying “the author [meaning you] did X” or to convolute things by using the passive “X was done [meaning done by you].”

UNC, orang pertama memperjelas siapa yang meneliti:

In studying American popular culture of the 1980s, the question of to what degree materialism was a major characteristic of the cultural milieu was explored.

Revisi UNC:

In our study of American popular culture of the 1980s, we explored the degree to which materialism characterized the cultural milieu.

UNC, buang pengumuman keyakinan:

I think that Aristotle’s ethical arguments are logical and readily applicable to contemporary cases, or at least it seems that way to me.

Revisi UNC:

Aristotle’s ethical arguments are logical and readily applicable to contemporary cases.

Let the first-person singular be, instead, a tool that you take out when you think it’s needed and that you leave in the toolbox when you think it’s not.

Kasus Kandel untuk mengeluarkannya: Anda menuturkan penemuan, menggambarkan cara Anda mengajar, tidak setuju dengan cendekiawan lain tanpa mengklaim kebenaran mutlak, atau Anda membutuhkan I agar tetap jelas dan langsung. Kasusnya untuk membiarkannya di kotak perkakas: I muncul begitu sering hingga menjadi menjengkelkan, dan mengisi sikap yang sudah jelas dengan "I believe" atau "it seems to me."

Write clear and direct sentences. Using the active voice (‘we performed the experiment...’) typically helps readers better understand concepts and results described in a paper.

We wish to suggest a structure for the salt of deoxyribose nucleic acid (D.N.A.). This structure has novel features which are of considerable biological interest.

Sains pasif (UNC):

A number of things are indicated by these results.

Aktif tanpa we:

These results indicate a number of things.

Kalimat klinis pasif (UNC):

The balloon is positioned in an area of blockage and is inflated.

Klinisi yang dinamai:

The surgeon positions the balloon in an area of blockage and inflates it.

Pelaku hilang (UNC):

Heart disease is considered the leading cause of death in the United States.

Peneliti yang dinamai:

Researchers have concluded that heart disease is the leading cause of death in the United States.

Pasif malas (UNC):

The working class was marginalized. African Americans were discriminated against. Women were not treated as equals.

Makalah antropologi UNC, pelaku hilang:

A new system of drug control laws was set up.

Institusi yang dinamai:

The Lao People’s Revolutionary Party set up a new system of drug control laws.

Ringkasan alur yang menyembunyikan novelis:

Tom and Huck are portrayed as…

Pelaku yang dinamai:

Twain portrays Tom and Huck as…

Kritikus yang dinamai:

Anderson argues that…

Contoh Odyssey UNC, pelaku hilang:

When her house was invaded, Penelope had to think of ways to delay her remarriage.

Revisi UNC:

After suitors invaded Penelope’s house, she had to think of ways to fend them off.

Sasaran UNC / Orwell:

Mistakes were made.

Kalimat Exxon UNC:

The Exxon Company accepts that a few gallons might have been spilled.

CMOS Q&A, Usage and Grammar #198 (spanduk edisi ke-18):

Although it’s good to avoid excessive use of the passive voice, and it’s especially important to avoid using it to hide who has done something (“Lies were told”), the best writing usually involves regular use of the passive, and it would be a mistake to root it out as a policy.

CMOS Q&A, Usage and Grammar #185 (spanduk edisi ke-18):

The idea that the passive must be avoided is a superstition that language professionals long ago abandoned, although the prohibition remains popular.

CMOS Q&A #185 tentang mencampur diatesis:

in good writing a mix of active and passive is essential for variation and eloquence, as you will find in any classic of English literature. (Strunk and White use the passive throughout The Elements of Style after famously recommending against it.)

Alat bantu APA, pasif → aktif:

The scratch paper was given to the students by their teacher… → The teacher gave scratch paper to the students…

APA Style, pasif → pertanyaan:

the cookies were eaten → Who ate them? If you know, write the children ate the cookies.

UNC, sains aktif tanpa we:

A number of things are indicated by these results. → These results indicate a number of things.

Bentuk Nature:

The experiment was performed… → we performed the experiment...

Modifier menggantung (CMOS 18 §5.119 menandai polanya):

Templat, bukan sumber: Using qualitative methods, the study was conducted. → Using qualitative methods, we conducted the study.

1. Temukan be + past participle. Jika keduanya ada, Anda punya kandidat, bukan penulisan ulang otomatis.
2. Adakah tindakan? Jika verba hanya menamai keadaan ("the argument is sound"), berhenti. Itu bukan pasif.
3. Siapa atau apa yang melakukan tindakan? Apakah mereka di slot subjek, di akhir setelah by, atau hilang?
4. Akankah pembaca yang adil bertanya who? Jika ya, dan Anda tahu, tulis kalimat aktif.
5. Apakah Anda menyembunyikan keputusan, kesalahan, atau pelaku politik? Jika ya, tulis ulang. "Mistakes were made" adalah kasus uji.
6. Apakah Anda merangkum kritikus atau novelis? Taruh nama keluarga di depan verba.
7. Apakah silabus atau jurnal mewajibkan Metode pasif? Patuhi aturan lokal itu; jangan mengekspornya ke diskusi.
8. Dalam makalah APA yang Anda tulis sendiri, apakah Anda menulis we atau "the researcher"? Ubah itu menjadi I.
9. Apakah pemeriksa tata bahasa menandai setiap is? Abaikan yang bukan be + participle.