शैक्षणिक लेखन में कर्तृवाच्य बनाम कर्मवाच्य

कर्तृवाच्य (मूल विकल्प):

कर्ता + क्रिया + कर्म। साँचे का रूप: We interviewed 40 nurses.

कर्मवाच्य (जान-बूझकर):

प्राप्तकर्ता + be + भूतकालिक कृदंत (+ by कर्ता)। साँचे का रूप: Participants were randomly assigned to conditions.

एकल-लेखक APA पेपर:

अपने स्वयं के कार्य के लिए I लिखें: I coded the transcripts.

सहलेखित APA पेपर:

लेखकों के समूह के लिए we लिखें: We coded the transcripts.

यह न लिखें:

The researcher coded the transcripts. / It was found that…

Both the active and the passive voice are permitted in APA Style. However, writers often overuse the passive voice.

Use the active voice as much as possible to create direct, clear, and concise sentences, especially when you are writing about the actions of people.

Use the passive voice when it is more important to focus on the recipient of an action than on who performed the action, such as when describing an experimental setup.

कर्तृवाच्य:

the children ate the cookies

कर्मवाच्य, कर्ता नामित:

the cookies were eaten by the children

कर्मवाच्य, कर्ता छोड़ा गया — APA की चेतावनी:

the cookies were eaten

did the children eat the cookies, or was it the dog?

form of “to be” + past participle = passive voice

Why was the road crossed by the chicken?

मुर्गी ही सड़क पार कर रही है, पर road व्याकरणिक विषय है। परिचित कर्तृवाच्य रूप कर्ता को पहले रखता है: why did the chicken cross the road?

Active voice is used for most non-scientific writing. Using active voice for the majority of your sentences makes your meaning clear for readers, and keeps the sentences from becoming too complicated or wordy. Even in scientific writing, too much use of passive voice can cloud the meaning of your sentences.

• कर्मवाच्य व्याकरण त्रुटि नहीं है। यह स्पष्टता का चुनाव है।
• to be क्रिया स्वतः कर्मवाच्य नहीं होती। "John is a good student" एक अवस्था का वर्णन करता है।
• प्रथम पुरुष स्वतः कर्तृवाच्य नहीं होता। आप प्रथम-पुरुष कर्मवाच्य वाक्य लिख सकते हैं।
• "Never use the passive" स्वयं एक मिथक है। कुछ वाक्य उसी तरह अधिक स्पष्ट होते हैं।
• व्याकरण-परीक्षक कर्मवाच्यों का केवल अंश पकड़ते हैं, क्योंकि वे त्रुटि चिह्नित नहीं कर रहे।

UNC प्रथम-पुरुष कर्मवाच्य:

I was hit by the dodgeball.

UNC अस्तित्व-अवस्था (कर्मवाच्य नहीं):

John is a good student

To create direct, clear, and concise sentences, especially when you are writing about the actions of people, use the active voice.

सामग्री से कर्तृवाच्य उदाहरण:

Health department officials reported data on the spread of the COVID-19 Pirola variant.

उसी सामग्री से कक्षा-युग्म:

The teacher gave scratch paper to the students before they took their test.

The scratch paper was given to the students by their teacher before they took their test.

APA Style अनुदेशात्मक सामग्री (प्रयोग-सेटअप):

The soil quality experiment was conducted in three stages—each stage judging the improvement of the soil when infused with a substantial number of unknown organic ingredients.

UNC, कर्म पर जोर:

One hundred votes are required to pass the bill.

UNC, अज्ञात फेंकने वाला:

Over 120 different contaminants have been dumped into the river.

UNC, पाठक को प्रसूति-चिकित्सक नहीं चाहिए:

Baby Sophia was delivered at 3:30 a.m. yesterday.

Use first-person pronouns in APA Style to describe your work as well as your personal reactions.

सही, एकल लेखक:

I explored treatments for social anxiety.

Do not use the third person to refer to yourself.

बचें:

The author explored treatments for social anxiety.

संपादकीय we जिससे बचें:

We often worry about what other people think of us.

निर्दिष्ट we:

As young adults, we often worry about what other people think of us.

Many writers believe the “no first-person” myth, which is that writers cannot use first-person pronouns such as “I” or “we” in an APA Style paper.

However, APA Style has no such rule against using first-person pronouns and actually encourages their use to avoid ambiguity in attribution!

It represents a continuation of a long-standing APA Style guideline that began with the second edition of the manual, in 1974.

If you did something, say, “I did it”—there’s no reason to hide your own agency by saying “the author [meaning you] did X” or to convolute things by using the passive “X was done [meaning done by you].”

UNC, प्रथम पुरुष स्पष्ट करता है कि किसने अन्वेषण किया:

In studying American popular culture of the 1980s, the question of to what degree materialism was a major characteristic of the cultural milieu was explored.

UNC संशोधन:

In our study of American popular culture of the 1980s, we explored the degree to which materialism characterized the cultural milieu.

UNC, विश्वास की घोषणा हटाएँ:

I think that Aristotle’s ethical arguments are logical and readily applicable to contemporary cases, or at least it seems that way to me.

UNC संशोधन:

Aristotle’s ethical arguments are logical and readily applicable to contemporary cases.

Let the first-person singular be, instead, a tool that you take out when you think it’s needed and that you leave in the toolbox when you think it’s not.

Kandel के निकालने के मामले: आप किसी खोज का वर्णन कर रहे हैं, बता रहे हैं कि आप कैसे पढ़ाते हैं, पूर्ण सत्य का दावा किए बिना किसी अन्य विद्वान से असहमत हैं, या स्पष्ट और प्रत्यक्ष रहने के लिए I चाहिए। औजार-पेटी में छोड़ने के मामले: I इतनी बार आए कि वह अप्रिय लगे, और पहले से स्पष्ट रुख को "I believe" या "it seems to me" से फुलाना।

Write clear and direct sentences. Using the active voice (‘we performed the experiment...’) typically helps readers better understand concepts and results described in a paper.

We wish to suggest a structure for the salt of deoxyribose nucleic acid (D.N.A.). This structure has novel features which are of considerable biological interest.

कर्मवाच्य विज्ञान (UNC):

A number of things are indicated by these results.

we के बिना कर्तृवाच्य:

These results indicate a number of things.

कर्मवाच्य नैदानिक वाक्य (UNC):

The balloon is positioned in an area of blockage and is inflated.

नामित चिकित्सक:

The surgeon positions the balloon in an area of blockage and inflates it.

कर्ता अनुपस्थित (UNC):

Heart disease is considered the leading cause of death in the United States.

नामित शोधकर्ता:

Researchers have concluded that heart disease is the leading cause of death in the United States.

आलसी कर्मवाच्य (UNC):

The working class was marginalized. African Americans were discriminated against. Women were not treated as equals.

UNC नृविज्ञान पेपर, कर्ता अनुपस्थित:

A new system of drug control laws was set up.

नामित संस्था:

The Lao People’s Revolutionary Party set up a new system of drug control laws.

कथानक-सार जो उपन्यासकार को छिपाता है:

Tom and Huck are portrayed as…

नामित कर्ता:

Twain portrays Tom and Huck as…

नामित आलोचक:

Anderson argues that…

UNC Odyssey उदाहरण, कर्ता अनुपस्थित:

When her house was invaded, Penelope had to think of ways to delay her remarriage.

UNC संशोधन:

After suitors invaded Penelope’s house, she had to think of ways to fend them off.

UNC / Orwell का निशाना:

Mistakes were made.

UNC का Exxon वाक्य:

The Exxon Company accepts that a few gallons might have been spilled.

CMOS Q&A, Usage and Grammar #198 (18वें संस्करण का बैनर):

Although it’s good to avoid excessive use of the passive voice, and it’s especially important to avoid using it to hide who has done something (“Lies were told”), the best writing usually involves regular use of the passive, and it would be a mistake to root it out as a policy.

CMOS Q&A, Usage and Grammar #185 (18वें संस्करण का बैनर):

The idea that the passive must be avoided is a superstition that language professionals long ago abandoned, although the prohibition remains popular.

CMOS Q&A #185 वाच्यों के मिश्रण पर:

in good writing a mix of active and passive is essential for variation and eloquence, as you will find in any classic of English literature. (Strunk and White use the passive throughout The Elements of Style after famously recommending against it.)

APA सामग्री, कर्मवाच्य → कर्तृवाच्य:

The scratch paper was given to the students by their teacher… → The teacher gave scratch paper to the students…

APA Style, कर्मवाच्य → प्रश्न:

the cookies were eaten → Who ate them? If you know, write the children ate the cookies.

UNC, we के बिना कर्तृवाच्य विज्ञान:

A number of things are indicated by these results. → These results indicate a number of things.

Nature का रूप:

The experiment was performed… → we performed the experiment...

लटकता विशेषण (CMOS 18 §5.119 इस पैटर्न को चिह्नित करता है):

साँचा, स्रोत नहीं: Using qualitative methods, the study was conducted. → Using qualitative methods, we conducted the study.

1. be + भूतकालिक कृदंत खोजें। दोनों हों तो उम्मीदवार है, स्वतः पुनर्लेखन नहीं।
2. क्या कोई क्रिया है? यदि क्रिया केवल अवस्था का नाम ले ("the argument is sound"), रुकें। वह कर्मवाच्य नहीं है।
3. कौन या क्या क्रिया करता है? वे विषय-स्थान में हैं, अंत में by के बाद, या गायब?
4. क्या उचित पाठक कौन पूछेगा? यदि हाँ, और आप जानते हैं, तो कर्तृवाच्य वाक्य लिखें।
5. क्या आप कोई निर्णय, त्रुटि, या राजनीतिक कर्ता छिपा रहे हैं? यदि हाँ, पुनर्लेखन करें। "Mistakes were made" परीक्षा-मामला है।
6. क्या आप किसी आलोचक या उपन्यासकार का सार कर रहे हैं? उपनाम को क्रिया के आगे रखें।
7. क्या पाठ्यक्रम या पत्रिका कर्मवाच्य Methods माँगती है? उस स्थानीय नियम का पालन करें; उसे विवेचन में न निर्यात करें।
8. अकेले लिखे APA पेपर में क्या आपने we या "the researcher" लिखा? उन्हें I में बदलें।
9. क्या व्याकरण-परीक्षक ने हर is चिह्नित किया? जो be + कृदंत नहीं हैं उन्हें अनदेखा करें।