Strona czynna a strona bierna w pisaniu akademickim

Czynna (domyślnie):

Wykonawca + czasownik + dopełnienie. Kształt przykładu: We interviewed 40 nurses.

Bierna (celowo):

Odbiorca + be + imiesłów przeszły (+ by wykonawca). Kształt przykładu: Participants were randomly assigned to conditions.

Praca APA jednego autora:

Użyj I do własnej pracy: I coded the transcripts.

Praca APA współautorska:

Użyj we dla autorów razem: We coded the transcripts.

Nie pisz:

The researcher coded the transcripts. / It was found that…

Both the active and the passive voice are permitted in APA Style. However, writers often overuse the passive voice.

Use the active voice as much as possible to create direct, clear, and concise sentences, especially when you are writing about the actions of people.

Use the passive voice when it is more important to focus on the recipient of an action than on who performed the action, such as when describing an experimental setup.

Czynna:

the children ate the cookies

Bierna, wykonawca nazwany:

the cookies were eaten by the children

Bierna, wykonawca pominięty — ostrzeżenie APA:

the cookies were eaten

did the children eat the cookies, or was it the dog?

form of “to be” + past participle = passive voice

Why was the road crossed by the chicken?

To kura przechodzi, ale road jest podmiotem gramatycznym. Znana forma czynna stawia wykonawcę na początku: why did the chicken cross the road?

• Strona bierna nie jest błędem gramatycznym. To wybór jasności.
• Czasownik to be nie jest automatycznie bierny. "John is a good student" opisuje stan.
• Pierwsza osoba nie jest automatycznie czynna. Możesz napisać bierne zdanie w pierwszej osobie.
• "Nigdy nie używaj strony biernej" samo jest mitem. Niektóre zdania są tak jaśniejsze.
• Korektory gramatyczne łapią tylko ułamek form biernych, bo nie oznaczają błędu.

UNC, strona bierna w pierwszej osobie:

I was hit by the dodgeball.

UNC, stan bycia (nie strona bierna):

John is a good student

To create direct, clear, and concise sentences, especially when you are writing about the actions of people, use the active voice.

Przykład czynny z pomocy:

Health department officials reported data on the spread of the COVID-19 Pirola variant.

Para z sali z tej samej pomocy:

The teacher gave scratch paper to the students before they took their test.

The scratch paper was given to the students by their teacher before they took their test.

Pomoc dydaktyczna APA Style (układ eksperymentalny):

The soil quality experiment was conducted in three stages—each stage judging the improvement of the soil when infused with a substantial number of unknown organic ingredients.

UNC, podkreśl dopełnienie:

One hundred votes are required to pass the bill.

UNC, nieznany zrzucający:

Over 120 different contaminants have been dumped into the river.

UNC, czytelnik nie potrzebuje położnika:

Baby Sophia was delivered at 3:30 a.m. yesterday.

Use first-person pronouns in APA Style to describe your work as well as your personal reactions.

Poprawnie, autor solo:

I explored treatments for social anxiety.

Do not use the third person to refer to yourself.

Unikaj:

The author explored treatments for social anxiety.

Redakcyjne we do unikania:

We often worry about what other people think of us.

Sprecyzowane we:

As young adults, we often worry about what other people think of us.

If you did something, say, “I did it”—there’s no reason to hide your own agency by saying “the author [meaning you] did X” or to convolute things by using the passive “X was done [meaning done by you].”

UNC, pierwsza osoba wyjaśnia, kto badał:

In studying American popular culture of the 1980s, the question of to what degree materialism was a major characteristic of the cultural milieu was explored.

Rewizja UNC:

In our study of American popular culture of the 1980s, we explored the degree to which materialism characterized the cultural milieu.

UNC, usuń ogłoszenie przekonania:

I think that Aristotle’s ethical arguments are logical and readily applicable to contemporary cases, or at least it seems that way to me.

Rewizja UNC:

Aristotle’s ethical arguments are logical and readily applicable to contemporary cases.

Let the first-person singular be, instead, a tool that you take out when you think it’s needed and that you leave in the toolbox when you think it’s not.

Przypadki Kandela, by je wyjąć: opowiadasz odkrycie, opisujesz, jak uczysz, nie zgadzasz się z innym badaczem bez roszczenia absolutnej prawdy albo potrzebujesz I, żeby zostać jasnym i bezpośrednim. Jego przypadki, by zostawić je w skrzynce: I pojawia się tak często, że drażni, oraz wypełnianie już oczywistego stanowiska przez "I believe" albo "it seems to me."

Write clear and direct sentences. Using the active voice (‘we performed the experiment...’) typically helps readers better understand concepts and results described in a paper.

We wish to suggest a structure for the salt of deoxyribose nucleic acid (D.N.A.). This structure has novel features which are of considerable biological interest.

Bierna nauka (UNC):

A number of things are indicated by these results.

Czynna bez we:

These results indicate a number of things.

Bierne zdanie kliniczne (UNC):

The balloon is positioned in an area of blockage and is inflated.

Nazwany klinicysta:

The surgeon positions the balloon in an area of blockage and inflates it.

Brak wykonawcy (UNC):

Heart disease is considered the leading cause of death in the United States.

Nazwani badacze:

Researchers have concluded that heart disease is the leading cause of death in the United States.

Leniwa strona bierna (UNC):

The working class was marginalized. African Americans were discriminated against. Women were not treated as equals.

Praca antropologiczna UNC, brak wykonawcy:

A new system of drug control laws was set up.

Nazwana instytucja:

The Lao People’s Revolutionary Party set up a new system of drug control laws.

Streszczenie fabuły, które ukrywa powieściopisarza:

Tom and Huck are portrayed as…

Nazwany wykonawca:

Twain portrays Tom and Huck as…

Nazwany krytyk:

Anderson argues that…

Przykład Odyssey UNC, brak wykonawcy:

When her house was invaded, Penelope had to think of ways to delay her remarriage.

Rewizja UNC:

After suitors invaded Penelope’s house, she had to think of ways to fend them off.

Cel UNC / Orwella:

Mistakes were made.

Zdanie Exxon UNC:

The Exxon Company accepts that a few gallons might have been spilled.

CMOS Q&A, Usage and Grammar #198:

Although it’s good to avoid excessive use of the passive voice, and it’s especially important to avoid using it to hide who has done something (“Lies were told”), the best writing usually involves regular use of the passive, and it would be a mistake to root it out as a policy.

CMOS Q&A, Usage and Grammar #185:

The idea that the passive must be avoided is a superstition that language professionals long ago abandoned, although the prohibition remains popular.

CMOS Q&A #185 o mieszaniu stron:

in good writing a mix of active and passive is essential for variation and eloquence, as you will find in any classic of English literature. (Strunk and White use the passive throughout The Elements of Style after famously recommending against it.)

Materiał APA, bierna → czynna:

The scratch paper was given to the students by their teacher… → The teacher gave scratch paper to the students…

APA Style, bierna → pytanie:

the cookies were eaten → Who ate them? If you know, write the children ate the cookies.

UNC, czynna nauka bez we:

A number of things are indicated by these results. → These results indicate a number of things.

Kształt Nature:

The experiment was performed… → we performed the experiment...

Imiesłów wiszący (CMOS 18 §5.119 oznacza ten wzorzec):

Template, not a source: Using qualitative methods, the study was conducted. → Using qualitative methods, we conducted the study.

1. Znajdź be + imiesłów przeszły. Jeśli oba tam są, masz kandydata, nie automatyczną przeróbkę.
2. Czy jest czynność? Jeśli czasownik tylko nazywa stan ("the argument is sound"), stop. To nie jest strona bierna.
3. Kto albo co wykonuje czynność? Są w pozycji podmiotu, na końcu po by, czy ich brakuje?
4. Czy uczciwy czytelnik zapytałby who? Jeśli tak i wiesz, napisz zdanie czynne.
5. Ukrywasz decyzję, błąd albo aktora politycznego? Jeśli tak, przepisz. "Mistakes were made" to przypadek testowy.
6. Streszczasz krytyka albo powieściopisarza? Postaw nazwisko przed czasownikiem.
7. Czy sylabus albo czasopismo wymaga biernych Methods? Posłuchaj tej lokalnej reguły; nie wynoś jej do dyskusji.
8. W pracy APA, którą napisałeś sam, napisałeś we albo "the researcher"? Zmień to na I.
9. Czy korektor gramatyczny zaznaczył każde is? Zignoruj te, które nie są be + imiesłów.