학술 글쓰기에서 능동태와 수동태

능동태 (기본):

행위자 + 동사 + 목적어. 틀의 예: We interviewed 40 nurses.

수동태 (의도적으로):

수혜자 + be + 과거분사 (+ by 행위자). 틀의 예: Participants were randomly assigned to conditions.

단독 저자 APA 논문:

본인 작업에는 I를 쓰십시오: I coded the transcripts.

공저 APA 논문:

저자 집단에는 we를 쓰십시오: We coded the transcripts.

이렇게 쓰지 말 것:

The researcher coded the transcripts. / It was found that…

Both the active and the passive voice are permitted in APA Style. However, writers often overuse the passive voice.

Use the active voice as much as possible to create direct, clear, and concise sentences, especially when you are writing about the actions of people.

Use the passive voice when it is more important to focus on the recipient of an action than on who performed the action, such as when describing an experimental setup.

능동태:

the children ate the cookies

수동태, 행위자를 밝힘:

the cookies were eaten by the children

수동태, 행위자 생략 — APA의 경고:

the cookies were eaten

did the children eat the cookies, or was it the dog?

form of “to be” + past participle = passive voice

Why was the road crossed by the chicken?

길을 건너는 것은 닭이지만, 문법상 주어는 road입니다. 익숙한 능동태는 행위자를 앞에 둡니다: why did the chicken cross the road?

Active voice is used for most non-scientific writing. Using active voice for the majority of your sentences makes your meaning clear for readers, and keeps the sentences from becoming too complicated or wordy. Even in scientific writing, too much use of passive voice can cloud the meaning of your sentences.

• 수동태는 문법 오류가 아닙니다. 명확성의 선택입니다.
• to be 동사가 자동으로 수동태인 것은 아닙니다. "John is a good student"는 상태를 서술합니다.
• 1인칭이 자동으로 능동태인 것은 아닙니다. 1인칭 수동태 문장도 쓸 수 있습니다.
• "Never use the passive" 자체가 통념입니다. 그렇게 쓰는 편이 더 분명한 문장도 있습니다.
• 문법 검사기는 수동태의 일부만 잡습니다. 오류로 표시하지 않기 때문입니다.

UNC의 1인칭 수동태:

I was hit by the dodgeball.

UNC의 존재 상태 (수동태가 아님):

John is a good student

To create direct, clear, and concise sentences, especially when you are writing about the actions of people, use the active voice.

자료의 능동태 예:

Health department officials reported data on the spread of the COVID-19 Pirola variant.

같은 자료의 교실용 짝:

The teacher gave scratch paper to the students before they took their test.

The scratch paper was given to the students by their teacher before they took their test.

APA Style 교수 자료 (실험 설정):

The soil quality experiment was conducted in three stages—each stage judging the improvement of the soil when infused with a substantial number of unknown organic ingredients.

UNC, 목적어를 강조:

One hundred votes are required to pass the bill.

UNC, 버린 사람 불명:

Over 120 different contaminants have been dumped into the river.

UNC, 독자에게 산부인과 의사는 불필요:

Baby Sophia was delivered at 3:30 a.m. yesterday.

Use first-person pronouns in APA Style to describe your work as well as your personal reactions.

올바름, 단독 저자:

I explored treatments for social anxiety.

Do not use the third person to refer to yourself.

피할 것:

The author explored treatments for social anxiety.

피할 편집의 we:

We often worry about what other people think of us.

범위를 밝힌 we:

As young adults, we often worry about what other people think of us.

Many writers believe the “no first-person” myth, which is that writers cannot use first-person pronouns such as “I” or “we” in an APA Style paper.

However, APA Style has no such rule against using first-person pronouns and actually encourages their use to avoid ambiguity in attribution!

It represents a continuation of a long-standing APA Style guideline that began with the second edition of the manual, in 1974.

If you did something, say, “I did it”—there’s no reason to hide your own agency by saying “the author [meaning you] did X” or to convolute things by using the passive “X was done [meaning done by you].”

UNC, 1인칭이 누가 탐구했는지를 분명히 함:

In studying American popular culture of the 1980s, the question of to what degree materialism was a major characteristic of the cultural milieu was explored.

UNC 수정:

In our study of American popular culture of the 1980s, we explored the degree to which materialism characterized the cultural milieu.

UNC, 믿음의 선언을 빼기:

I think that Aristotle’s ethical arguments are logical and readily applicable to contemporary cases, or at least it seems that way to me.

UNC 수정:

Aristotle’s ethical arguments are logical and readily applicable to contemporary cases.

Let the first-person singular be, instead, a tool that you take out when you think it’s needed and that you leave in the toolbox when you think it’s not.

Kandel이 꺼내라고 하는 경우: 발견을 서술할 때, 가르치는 방식을 설명할 때, 절대 진리를 주장하지 않고 다른 학자와 의견을 달리할 때, 또는 명확하고 직접이려면 I가 필요할 때. 도구함에 남겨 두라고 하는 경우: I가 너무 잦아 거부감을 줄 때, 이미 분명한 입장을 "I believe"나 "it seems to me"로 부풀릴 때.

Write clear and direct sentences. Using the active voice (‘we performed the experiment...’) typically helps readers better understand concepts and results described in a paper.

We wish to suggest a structure for the salt of deoxyribose nucleic acid (D.N.A.). This structure has novel features which are of considerable biological interest.

수동태 과학 (UNC):

A number of things are indicated by these results.

we 없는 능동태:

These results indicate a number of things.

수동태 임상 문장 (UNC):

The balloon is positioned in an area of blockage and is inflated.

임상의를 밝힘:

The surgeon positions the balloon in an area of blockage and inflates it.

행위자 부재 (UNC):

Heart disease is considered the leading cause of death in the United States.

연구자를 밝힘:

Researchers have concluded that heart disease is the leading cause of death in the United States.

게으른 수동태 (UNC):

The working class was marginalized. African Americans were discriminated against. Women were not treated as equals.

UNC 인류학 논문, 행위자 부재:

A new system of drug control laws was set up.

제도를 밝힘:

The Lao People’s Revolutionary Party set up a new system of drug control laws.

소설가를 숨기는 줄거리:

Tom and Huck are portrayed as…

행위자를 밝힘:

Twain portrays Tom and Huck as…

비평가를 밝힘:

Anderson argues that…

UNC Odyssey 예, 행위자 부재:

When her house was invaded, Penelope had to think of ways to delay her remarriage.

UNC 수정:

After suitors invaded Penelope’s house, she had to think of ways to fend them off.

UNC / Orwell의 표적:

Mistakes were made.

UNC의 Exxon 문장:

The Exxon Company accepts that a few gallons might have been spilled.

CMOS Q&A, Usage and Grammar #198 (18판 배너):

Although it’s good to avoid excessive use of the passive voice, and it’s especially important to avoid using it to hide who has done something (“Lies were told”), the best writing usually involves regular use of the passive, and it would be a mistake to root it out as a policy.

CMOS Q&A, Usage and Grammar #185 (18판 배너):

The idea that the passive must be avoided is a superstition that language professionals long ago abandoned, although the prohibition remains popular.

CMOS Q&A #185, 태의 혼합에 대해:

in good writing a mix of active and passive is essential for variation and eloquence, as you will find in any classic of English literature. (Strunk and White use the passive throughout The Elements of Style after famously recommending against it.)

APA 자료, 수동태 → 능동태:

The scratch paper was given to the students by their teacher… → The teacher gave scratch paper to the students…

APA Style, 수동태 → 질문:

the cookies were eaten → Who ate them? If you know, write the children ate the cookies.

UNC, we 없는 능동태 과학:

A number of things are indicated by these results. → These results indicate a number of things.

Nature의 틀:

The experiment was performed… → we performed the experiment...

매달린 수식어 (CMOS 18 §5.119가 이 패턴을 지적):

틀이지 출처가 아님: Using qualitative methods, the study was conducted. → Using qualitative methods, we conducted the study.

1. be + 과거분사를 찾으십시오. 둘 다 있으면 후보지, 자동 재작성이 아닙니다.
2. 행위가 있습니까? 동사가 상태만 이름 붙이면("the argument is sound"), 멈추십시오. 그것은 수동태가 아닙니다.
3. 누가 또는 무엇이 행위를 수행합니까? 주어 자리인가, by 뒤 끝인가, 빠져 있는가?
4. 공정한 독자가 누가라고 물을까요? 예이고 안다면 능동태 문장을 쓰십시오.
5. 결정, 오류, 또는 정치적 행위자를 숨기고 있습니까? 예이면 다시 쓰십시오. "Mistakes were made"가 시험 사례입니다.
6. 비평가나 소설가를 요약하고 있습니까? 성을 동사 앞에 두십시오.
7. 강의계획서나 저널이 수동태 Methods를 요구합니까? 그 로컬 규칙을 따르고, 논의로 내보내지 마십시오.
8. 혼자 쓴 APA 논문에서 we나 "the researcher"를 썼습니까? 그것들을 I로 바꾸십시오.
9. 문법 검사기가 모든 is에 표시했습니까? be + 분사가 아닌 것은 무시하십시오.