शैक्षणिक पेपर में स्पष्ट रूप से कैसे लिखें

पहले कर्ता + क्रिया:

किसने या किसने क्या किया। फिर सीमा, विधि, या अपवाद।

क्रिया क्रियापद में:

“the implementation of X resulted in Y” नहीं, बल्कि “X did Y.”

पहले परिचित, फिर नया:

पुरानी जानकारी वाक्य के आरंभ में। निष्कर्ष, संख्या, या दावा अंत में।

पहली बार शब्द:

पूरा नाम (ABBR), फिर ABBR। जिस मुख्य शब्द की आप तुरंत परिभाषा देते हैं, उस पर पहली बार इटैलिक (APA §6.22)।

काटें, सजाएँ नहीं:

“the fact that,” “it should be noted that,” और “it is interesting that” हटाएँ (UNC Sciences)। बचा उपवाक्य रखें।

Check for continuity in words, concepts, and thematic development across the paper. Explain relationships between ideas clearly. Present ideas in a logical order. Use clear transitions to smoothly connect sentences, paragraphs, and ideas.

Choose words and phrases carefully and deliberately. Eliminate wordiness, redundancy, evasiveness, circumlocution, overuse of the passive voice, and clumsy prose.

Do not use jargon, contractions, or colloquialisms.

Avoid overusing both short, simple sentences and long, involved sentences; instead, use varied sentence lengths.

Avoid both single-sentence paragraphs and paragraphs longer than one double-spaced page.

Use clear and precise language. Use a professional tone and professional language.

Do not use jargon, contractions, colloquialisms, or creative literary devices.

Check for anthropomorphistic language (i.e., attributing human actions to inanimate objects or nonhuman animals).

Make logical comparisons using clear word choice and sentence structure.

We argue here that complexity of thought need not lead to impenetrability of expression.

The fundamental purpose of scientific discourse is not the mere presentation of information and thought, but rather its actual communication.

It does not matter how pleased an author might be to have converted all the right data into sentences and paragraphs; it matters only whether a large majority of the reading audience accurately perceives what the author had in mind.

But the most important goal of academic writing is not to sound smart—it is to communicate an argument or information clearly and convincingly.

Using simple words does not indicate simple thoughts.

In an academic argument paper, what makes the thesis and argument sophisticated are the connections presented in simple, clear language.

First, remember that your goal in academic writing is not to sound intelligent, but to get your intelligent point across.

When given a choice between a familiar and a technical or obscure term, the more familiar term is preferable if it doesn’t reduce precision.

सटीक:

population density is positively correlated with disease transmission rate

कम सटीक:

population density is positively related to disease transmission rate

गलत शब्द:

Cree Indians were a monotonous culture until French and British settlers arrived.

पुनर्लेखन:

Cree Indians were a homogenous culture.

अवांछित अर्थच्छाया:

I sprayed the ants in their private places.

पुनर्लेखन:

I sprayed the ants in their hiding places.

शब्दजाल:

The dialectical interface between neo-Platonists and anti-disestablishment Catholics offers an algorithm for deontological thought.

पुनर्लेखन:

The dialogue between neo-Platonists and certain Catholic thinkers is a model for deontological thought.

भारित:

Society teaches young girls that beauty is their most important quality. In order to prevent eating disorders and other health problems, we must change society.

नामित:

Contemporary American popular media, like magazines and movies, teach young girls that beauty is their most important quality. In order to prevent eating disorders and other health problems, we must change the images and role models girls are offered.

क्लिशे:

France bit off more than it could chew in Vietnam, and America’s intervention was too little, too late.

पुनर्लेखन:

As the French faltered in Vietnam, even American intervention could not save the collapsing regime.

गुणवाचक ढेर:

Most people usually think that many puppies are generally pretty cute.

पुनर्लेखन:

Most people think that puppies are cute.

पुनरावर्ती जोड़ा:

Adrienne fulfilled all our hopes and dreams when she saved the whole entire planet.

पुनर्लेखन:

Adrienne fulfilled all our hopes when she saved the planet.

टालमटोल:

यह सुझाव देना संभव हो सकता है कि इन चरों के बीच शायद कोई संबंध हो सकता है।

उचित रूप से सतर्क:

डेटा इन चरों के बीच संबंध सुझाता है।

Readers expect a grammatical subject to be followed immediately by the verb.

Anything of length that intervenes between subject and verb is read as an interruption, and therefore as something of lesser importance.

Make subjects short and concrete, ideally naming the character that performs the action expressed by the verb that follows.

Avoid interrupting the subject and verb with more than a word or two.

Put key actions in verbs, not in nouns.

Put information familiar to readers at the beginning of a sentence, new information at the end.

Avoid long introductory phrases: get to a short, familiar subject quickly.

प्रकाशित मूल:

The smallest of the URF's (URFA6L), a 207-nucleotide (nt) reading frame overlapping out of phase the NH2-terminal portion of the adenosinetriphosphatase (ATPase) subunit 6 gene has been identified as the animal equivalent of the recently discovered yeast H+-ATPase subunit 8 gene.

परीक्षण संशोधन यदि 207-nt परिभाषा महत्त्वपूर्ण हो:

The smallest of the URF's is URFA6L, a 207-nucleotide (nt) reading frame overlapping out of phase the NH2-terminal portion of the adenosinetriphosphatase (ATPase) subunit 6 gene; it has been identified as the animal equivalent of the recently discovered yeast H+-ATPase subunit 8 gene.

परीक्षण संशोधन यदि वह परिभाषा एक टिप्पणी हो:

The smallest of the URF's (URFA6L) has been identified as the animal equivalent of the recently discovered yeast H+-ATPase subunit 8 gene.

वह अनुच्छेद जिस पर वे रुके (आरंभ):

The smallest of the URF's, URFA6L, has been identified as the animal equivalent of the recently discovered yeast H+-ATPase subunit 8 gene; but the functional significance of other URF's has been more elusive.

जटिल:

The osmoregulatory organ, which is located at the base of the third dorsal spine on the outer margin of the terminal papillae and functions by expelling excess sodium ions, activates only under hypertonic conditions.

अधिक स्पष्ट:

Located on the outer margin of the terminal papillae at the base of the third dorsal spine, the osmoregulatory organ expels excess sodium ions under hypertonic conditions.

...to confirm the nature of electrical breakdown of nitrogen in uniform fields at relatively high pressures and interelectrode gaps that approach those obtained in engineering practice, prior to the determination of the processes that set the criterion for breakdown in the above-mentioned gases and mixtures in uniform and non-uniform fields of engineering significance.

शब्दबहुल:

The reason for the failure of the economic system of the island was the inability of Gilligan in finding adequate resources without incurring expenses at the hands of the headhunters on the other side of the island.

पुनर्लेखन:

Gilligan hurt the economic system of the island because he couldn’t find adequate resources without angering the headhunters.

अस्पष्ट:

Having finished with studying, the pizza was quickly eaten.

स्पष्ट:

Having finished with studying, the students quickly ate the pizza.

“Bees disperse pollen” and “Pollen is dispersed by bees” are two different but equally respectable sentences about the same facts. The first tells us something about bees; the second tells us something about pollen.

A sentence is too long when it has more viable candidates for stress positions than there are stress positions available.

Follow a grammatical subject as soon as possible with its verb.

Place in the stress position the “new information” you want the reader to emphasize.

Place the person or thing whose “story” a sentence is telling at the beginning of the sentence, in the topic position.

Place appropriate “old information” (material already stated in the discourse) in the topic position for linkage backward and contextualization forward.

Articulate the action of every clause or sentence in its verb.

In general, provide context for your reader before asking that reader to consider anything new.

In general, try to ensure that the relative emphases of the substance coincide with the relative expectations for emphasis raised by the structure.

संज्ञा-भारी:

The discovery of the aliens was made by the government.

पहले क्रिया:

The government discovered the aliens.

खाली आरंभ:

There is a need for further study of aliens.

पुनर्लेखन:

We need to study aliens further.

कमज़ोर क्रिया:

The aliens have a positive effect on our ecosystem.

मज़बूत क्रिया:

The aliens improve our ecosystem.

Use abbreviations sparingly and usually when they are familiar to readers, save considerable space, and appear at least three times in the paper.

Define abbreviations, including abbreviations for group authors, on first use.

Use italics for the first use of key terms or phrases accompanied by a definition.

Keep technical terms to the places where they are needed. Define abbreviations at first use and use them sparingly.

Write clear and direct sentences. Using the active voice (‘we performed the experiment...’) typically helps readers better understand concepts and results described in a paper.

State the main finding clearly. A reader should be able to understand what you found and why it matters from the title and abstract.

Ask a colleague outside your immediate field to read the title and abstract.

गुणात्मक:

development rate was fastest in the higher temperature treatment

मात्रात्मक:

development rate in the 30°C temperature treatment was ten percent faster than development rate in the 20°C temperature treatment

आलंकारिक:

experimental subjects were assaulted with a wall of sound

निर्दिष्ट:

experimental subjects were presented with 20 second pulses of conspecific mating calls

अधूरी:

उपचार समूह के प्रतिभागियों ने अधिक अंक प्राप्त किए।

पूर्ण:

उपचार समूह के प्रतिभागियों ने नियंत्रण समूह के प्रतिभागियों से अधिक अंक प्राप्त किए।

अध्ययन कर्ता के रूप में:

अध्ययन ने 40 साक्षात्कार एकत्र किए और निष्कर्ष निकाला कि प्रतीक्षा समय ने अनुपस्थिति का पूर्वानुमान लगाया।

शोधकर्ता कर्ता के रूप में:

हमने 40 साक्षात्कार एकत्र किए। प्रतीक्षा समय ने अनुपस्थिति का पूर्वानुमान लगाया।

Use first person pronouns to describe your work and your personal reactions (e.g., “I examined,” “I agreed with”), including your work with coauthors (e.g., “We conducted”).

Ensure items in lists are parallel.

समानांतर नहीं:

अध्ययन ने छात्र प्रेरणा, उन्होंने शैक्षणिक रूप से कैसे प्रदर्शन किया, और उनकी संतुष्टि जाँची।

समानांतर:

अध्ययन ने छात्र प्रेरणा, शैक्षणिक प्रदर्शन, और संतुष्टि जाँची।

अस्पष्ट he / him:

My cousin Jake hugged my brother Trey, even though he didn’t like him very much.

नामित:

My cousin Jake hugged my brother Trey, even though Jake doesn’t like Trey very much.

संस्करण 1 (अस्पष्ट):

There are many important river and shore scenes in Huckleberry Finn.

संस्करण 2 (स्पष्ट गंतव्य):

The contrasting river and shore scenes in Huckleberry Finn suggest a return to nature.

संस्करण 3 (दावे में मुख्य शब्द):

Through its contrasting river and shore scenes, Twain’s Huckleberry Finn suggests that to find the true expression of American democratic ideals, one must leave “civilized” society and go back to nature.

A “reverse” outline is one you make after you have written a draft.

The reverse outline will help you evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of both your organization and your argument.

• कर्ता और क्रिया एक-दो शब्द के भीतर हैं
• क्रिया एक क्रियापद है, -tion पर खत्म संज्ञा नहीं
• परिचित जानकारी आरंभ में है; नया दावा अंत में है
• वाक्य एक कहानी कहता है (विषय-स्थान) और एक नए बिंदु पर ज़ोर देता है
• हर संक्षिप्त रूप और मुख्य शब्द पहली बार परिभाषित है
• जहाँ सटीकता बची, वहाँ परिचित शब्द ने भव्य शब्द को बदला
• तुलनाएँ दोनों पक्ष नाम देती हैं; मात्राएँ “various” और “higher” की जगह लेती हैं
• अध्ययन और सिद्धांत एकत्र नहीं करते, निष्कर्ष नहीं निकालते, विश्वास नहीं करते
• सूचियाँ समानांतर हैं; हर they / this / it की एक संज्ञा है
• कोई अनुच्छेद एक वाक्य नहीं; कोई डबल-स्पेस्ड पृष्ठ से लंबा नहीं
• ज़ोर से पढ़ने पर मसौदा अभी भी समझ आता है