الأخطاء النحوية الشائعة في الكتابة الأكاديمية

• الاتفاق (Agreement). ابحث عن الفاعل الحقيقي، لا أقرب اسم. The collection of samples تأخذ was وليس were (قالب). APA 7 §4.15: الفعل يتفق في العدد مع الفاعل. UNC: في one of the problems that…، الفعل يتفق مع problems.
• Data. تعامل CMOS data اسمًا غير معدود في الاستعمال الشائع (less data) أو جمعًا في العلوم (fewer data). لا تفرض شكلًا واحدًا على كل حقل.
• Singular they. APA 7 §4.18 وCMOS 18 وMLA Style Center تقبل جميعًا they العامة والإشارية. اكتب they are وليس they is. لا «تصحّح» ضمير الشخص المذكور إلى he or she.
• الوصل بفاصلة / الجملة المركبة. جملتان مستقلتان تحتاجان نقطة أو فاصلة منقوطة أو شرطة أو فاصلة مع أداة ربط تنسيقية. الفاصلة وحده وصل خاطئ. UNC: لا يمكنك إضافة فاصلة فقط.
• الجملة الناقصة. جملة Because… ليست جملة حتى تُلحق بجملة مستقلة.
• الفاصلة التسلسلية. APA وCMOS وMLA تتطلب الفاصلة قبل and أو or الأخيرة في سلسلة من ثلاثة عناصر أو أكثر. UNC تعتبر الفاصلة الأخيرة اختيارية في قائمة قصيرة. الأوراق الأكاديمية تتبع الدليل المحدد، لا مكتب الأخبار ولا الافتراض الاختياري لـ UNC.
• That / which. الجملة الموصولة المقيدة: that (بدون فواصل) هي الافتراض الأكاديمي الأمريكي. المعلومات الإضافية: which (بفواصل). That لا يمكن أن تفتح جملة غير مقيدة.
• المعدّل المتدلي. MLA: عبارة لا تعدّل شيئًا، أو تعدّل الاسم الخطأ، تتدلى. A renowned author, her work… لا اسم فيه يُلحق به المؤلف.
• القوائم المتوازية. يجب أن يشترك كل بند في السلسلة في شكل نحوي واحد. UNC: supporting…, reducing…, and education هو نمط الإخفاق. MLA: يقع not only بعد الفعل الذي يحكم البندين.
• الفاصلات العليا. MLA: it’s = it is؛ its ملكية. جموع أسماء العائلات وأيام الأسبوع لا تأخذ فاصلة عليا: The Wallaces وSundays.

قالب التوافق، غير صحيح

The collection of samples were completed in March.

قالب التوافق، صحيح

The collection of samples was completed in March.

قالب حد الجملة

فكرتان كاملتان: نقطة، فاصلة منقوطة، شرطة، أو فاصلة + and/but/or/so. لا فاصلة وحده.

قالب المعدّل

عبارة افتتاح + الشخص أو الشيء الذي فعل ذلك فعلًا. لا data ولا الورقة ولا النتائج.

APA Style, Singular “they” (§4.18; last updated July 2022)

The singular “they” is a generic third-person singular pronoun in English. Use of the singular “they” is endorsed as part of APA Style because it is inclusive of all people and helps writers avoid making assumptions about gender.

APA Style, Singular “they” (verb agreement)

Use a plural verb form with the singular pronoun “they” (i.e., write “they are” not “they is”).

APA Style student-paper checklist, Grammar (Publication Manual §4.15)

Use verbs that agree in number (i.e., singular or plural) with their subjects.

APA Style student-paper checklist, Pronouns (Publication Manual §§4.16–4.21)

Use the singular “they” when referring to a person who uses it as their self-identified pronoun or to a person whose gender is unknown or irrelevant.

CMOS Shop Talk (announcing CMOS 18)

The generic singular they will now be considered acceptable even in formal writing—for example, when the antecedent is an indefinite pronoun (someone forgot their coat) or when referring to a person whose gender is unknown or irrelevant (will the driver of the yellow sedan please move their car) or whose identity must be concealed (the author wants their privacy protected).

University of Chicago News, 21 February 2025 (CMOS 18)

Though the 17th edition of the Manual had previously endorsed the use of “they/them” as a personal pronoun, the newest edition now explicitly endorses the use of the generic singular “they” when referring to a person whose gender is unknown or unspecified (for example, each student should bring their own lunch).

MLA Style Center, How do I use singular they? (4 March 2020)

The MLA advises writers to always follow the personal pronouns of individuals they write about.

MLA Style Center, Serial Commas and Serial Semicolons

Proponents of the serial comma, like the MLA, would decry the inconsistency of the use-it-when-you-need-it approach and advocate using the serial comma in all series of three or more items or phrases.

APA Style, Accessible typography (Myth 6; last updated February 2024)

Not everyone calls for the serial comma: APA’s Publication Manual, the MLA Handbook, the Chicago Manual of Style, and Elements of Style require it, whereas The Associated Press Stylebook leaves it optional.

APA Style, student-paper formatting checklist

Use a serial comma before the final element in lists of three or more items.

Chicago Manual of Style Q&A (Usage and Grammar #364)

Even though “data” doesn’t look like a plural, you would write “less data” or “fewer data” depending on whether you consider “data” as a mass noun (as in common usage) or as a plural (as in the sciences).

Chicago Manual of Style Q&A (Which vs. That)

The basic rule: Use “which” plus commas to set off nonrestrictive (unnecessary) clauses; use “that” to introduce a restrictive (necessary) clause:

UNC Writing Center, Fragments and Run-ons

You CANNOT simply add a comma between the two sentences, or you’ll end up with what’s called a “comma splice.”

MLA Style Center, dangling modifiers

When a modifier modifies the wrong word or has nothing to modify at all, writing experts say that the modifier dangles.

APA Style, Lists

When writing a list, ensure all items are syntactically and conceptually parallel.

قالب، غير صحيح

The collection of samples were completed in March.

قالب، صحيح

The collection of samples was completed in March.

قالب، غير صحيح

Each of the participants were given a questionnaire.

قالب، صحيح

Each of the participants was given a questionnaire.

Each مفرد حتى حين يليه اسم جمع. فاعل الزوج الأول collection لا samples.

UNC، جمع

People who win the lottery are lucky. (plural verb)

UNC، مفرد

A person who wins the lottery every year is lucky. (singular verb)

UNC، that يوافق problem

Homelessness is a problem that needs to be addressed. (singular problem)

UNC، that يوافق problems

Homelessness is one of the problems that need to be addressed. (plural problems)

CMOS، data اسم غير معدود

We had a lot less data to support our hypothesis than we wanted. [data as mass noun]

CMOS، data اسم جمع

The second group of researchers returned fewer data than the first. [data as a plural noun]

CMOS, emissions (official preference)

fewer CO₂ emissions, but less CO₂ (carbon dioxide is a mass—or noncount—noun: CO₂ is; CO₂ emissions are)

CMOS: الاستخدام الأخير، بما في ذلك fewer، هو ما يدعمه AMA Manual of Style (10th ed., §7.8.2). نفس الإجابة تقول إن lower emissions بديل جيد؛ less emissions لن يرضي المتشددين.

MLA, specific use

Jules is writing their research paper on Jane Austen’s Persuasion.

MLA, specific use, reflexive

Ari read the instructions to themselves [or themself] before beginning the test.

MLA, generic (do not invent a gender)

Each taxpayer must file his or her tax return before 15 April.

MLA, generic, singular they

Each taxpayer must file their tax return before 15 April.

MLA, generic, they after When a celebrity

When a celebrity joins Twitter they gain tens of thousands of followers within minutes.

MLA, anonymous reviewer

The anonymous reviewer recommends in their report that the essay be published after minor revisions.

MLA, Everyone

Everyone wants to do well on their midterm.

MLA: للاستخدامات العامة، لا يجب على الكتّاب استخدام he أو she وحدهما أو التناوب بين he وshe. إعادة الصياغة بصيغة الجمع أو بدون ضمير مقبولة أيضًا. لا تستخدم هذه الحيل لتجنب they المذكور للشخص.

APA / CMOS 18, generic (official CMOS example)

someone forgot their coat

APA / CMOS 18, generic (UChicago News example)

each student should bring their own lunch

APA Style, official form table (Casey)

Casey is a gender-fluid person. They are from Texas and enjoy tacos.

APA verb form

they are (not they is)

APA noun form

Casey is or a person is (not Casey are or a person are)

لا تخترع جنسًا

لا تستخدم he عامًا. APA: لا تستخدم صيغًا مركبة مثل (s)he أو s/he. استخدم he or she فقط حين تطابق تلك الضمائر الأشخاص الموصوفين فعلًا.

حين يبدو they ثقيلًا

APA allows a rewrite that drops the pronoun, or a plural recast (Students must submit their assignments). Do not use those workarounds to avoid a person’s stated they.

قالب، غامض

The researchers discussed the results with the participants, and they were satisfied.

قالب، واضح

The researchers discussed the results with the participants, and the participants were satisfied.

UNC, shortest complete sentence

They waited.

UNC، جملة متصلة (جملة مدموجة)

My favorite Mediterranean spread is hummus it is very garlicky.

UNC، فاصلة منقوطة

My favorite Mediterranean spread is hummus; it is very garlicky.

UNC، فاصلة + حرف عطف تنسيقي

My favorite Mediterranean spread is hummus, and it is very garlicky.

UNC، جملتان

My favorite Mediterranean spread is hummus. It is very garlicky.

UNC, subordinating conjunction

My favorite Mediterranean spread is hummus because it is very garlicky.

UNC, em-dash

My favorite Mediterranean spread is hummus—it is very garlicky.

UNC، لصق فاصلة («الإصلاح» غير المشروع)

My favorite Mediterranean spread is hummus, it is very garlicky.

UNC, yes/no on a complete sentence

Is my favorite Mediterranean spread hummus?

UNC, tag on a complete sentence

My favorite Mediterranean spread is hummus, isn’t it?

UNC, the fused sentence fails the single-question test

Is my favorite Mediterranean spread hummus is it very garlicky?

UNC، لصق فاصلة

My hamster loved to play, I gave him a hula-hoop.

UNC, second splice

You wore a lovely hat, it was your only defense.

UNC, FANBOYS repair

You wore a lovely hat, for it was your only defense.

UNC، ظرف وصل، صحيح

Basketball is my favorite sport; however, table tennis is where I excel.

UNC، ظرف وصل، صحيح أيضًا

Basketball is my favorite sport. However, table tennis is where I excel.

UNC، ظرف وصل، غير صحيح

Basketball is my favorite sport, however, table tennis is where I excel.

UNC، جملة ناقصة

Because their car was in the shop.

UNC، تامة (الجملة أولًا)

Because their car was in the shop, they took the bus.

UNC، تامة (الجملة ثانيًا)

They took the bus because their car was in the shop.

UNC, fragment (time)

After the rain stops

UNC, fragment (condition)

When you finally take the test

قالب، جملة ناقصة بـ-ing

Fragment: The participants ranging in age from 18 to 65. Complete: The participants ranged in age from 18 to 65.

APA Style, accessible typography (no serial comma)

Jiji the cat likes sleeping in the sun, cuddles and treats.

APA Style, accessible typography (serial comma)

Jiji the cat likes sleeping in the sun, cuddles, and treats.

APA Style, Tasha is not the sister

I bought presents for my sister, my father, and Tasha.

APA Style, Tasha is the sister

I bought presents for my father and my sister, Tasha.

APA Style, rewrite rather than drop the comma

I play basketball with Lebron James, Sheryl Swoops, and my son.

MLA Style Center, ambiguous without the comma

Lia ordered three smoothies: strawberry, peach and mango and pineapple.

MLA Style Center, why that sentence fails

Without a serial comma placed after peach or after mango, it isn’t clear if “peach and mango” is one flavor or if “mango and pineapple” is.

MLA Style Center, second ambiguity

Sam took his dog for a walk and ran into Deirdre, a friend and his dentist.

UNC Writing Center, semicolons

I bought shiny, ripe apples; small, sweet, juicy grapes; and firm pears.

MLA Style Center, four speakers

The invited speakers are the association’s president; the vice president; the councilwoman, Suzette Tanner; and Walter McCarthy, the executive director.

CMOS Q&A, official rewrite of the tax-act sentence

The Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001, which became law on June 7, 2001, is the largest change in tax regulations in over two decades.

CMOS Q&A, restrictive

Pizza that’s less than an inch deep just isn’t Chicago-style.

CMOS Q&A, non-restrictive

Pizza, which is a favorite among Chicagoans, can be either bad for you or good, depending on how much of it you eat.

CMOS Q&A, restrictive which (British, no commas)

Pianos which have a fourth pedal to mute the strings are popular among apartment owners.

UNC، تقييدية

I like the paintings that hang in the SASB North lobby.

UNC، غير تقييدية

My mother, who is an excellent cook, is thinking of opening a restaurant.

UNC، غير مقبول

I’m planning to grow roses, that I find quite beautiful.

UNC، مقبول

I’m planning to grow roses, which I find quite beautiful.

MLA، الأسئلة الخمسة الشائعة، متدلٍ

A renowned author, her work has received several awards.

MLA، الأسئلة الخمسة الشائعة، ملحق

A renowned author, she has received several awards for her work.

MLA, five common questions, exception

Given the weather conditions, schools and offices closed for the day.

MLA، بيتزا متدلية

Topped with pepperoni and covered with extra cheese, the children devoured the pizza.

MLA، بيتزا منقحة

Topped with pepperoni and covered with extra cheese, the pizza was devoured by the children.

MLA، بلا فاعل

Turning the corner, a house came into view.

MLA، فاعل مُورَد

As we turned the corner, a house came into view.

MLA, mid-sentence dangler

Class participation should be considered when giving final grades in the course.

MLA, mid-sentence revised

Instructors should consider class participation when giving final grades in the course.

MLA, adjective dangler

Tired and cranky, Jack’s morning cup of coffee got him through the day.

MLA, adjective revised

Tired and cranky, Jack needed his morning cup of coffee to get him through the day.

MLA, like dangler

Like most office workers these days, our in-boxes are filled with e-mail.

MLA، as متدلٍ

As a dancer, your feet need proper care.

MLA، as منقح

As a dancer, you need to take proper care of your feet.

قالب، افتتاح بحثي

Dangling: Using regression analysis, the data showed significant trends. Attached: Using regression analysis, we found significant trends in the data.

UNC، غير متوازٍ

The three pillars of the Mayor’s campaign are supporting local business, reducing crime, and education.

UNC، أسماء مصدر متوازية

The three pillars of the Mayor’s campaign are supporting local business, reducing crime, and increasing educational funding.

UNC، أسماء متوازية

The three pillars of the Mayor’s campaign are local business development, crime reduction, and education.

UNC, non-parallel terms

The study included teenagers, people in their thirties, and octogenarians.

UNC, parallel terms

The study included people in their teens, in their thirties, and in their eighties.

MLA، not only مبكر جدًا

John not only noticed Bob’s new car but also Bob’s new toupee.

MLA، not only بعد الفعل الحاكم

John noticed not only Bob’s new car but also Bob’s new toupee.

MLA، الاختصار مقابل الملكية

“It’s” is a contraction of “it” and “is,” and “you’re” is a contraction of “you” and “are.” “Its” is the possessive form of “it,” and “your” is the possessive form of “you.”

MLA، لا فاصلة عليا في الجمع

For family names and any other proper noun, leave out the apostrophe to make them plural: “The Wallaces,” “Sundays.”

MLA، صل الصفة المركبة

In phrases like “problem-solving strategies” and “event-planning guidelines,” hyphens make sense.

MLA، لا تصل عبارة الاسم

I have seen references to “the world-order,” “advanced problem-solving,” and “event-planning.” But these phrases don’t need hyphens.

MLA، because غامض بعد نفي

He did not learn anything that day because he was asleep in class.

MLA، فاصلة قبل because

He did not learn anything that day, because he was asleep in class.

• لا تعتمد كليًا على مدققي الإملاء. تفوتهم your / you're وto / too وthere / their.
• عامل علامات مدقق النحو فرضيات. UNC: تعمل البرامج بعدد محدود من القواعد وكثيرًا ما تخطئ.
• دقّق نوع خطأ واحدًا فقط في كل مرة.
• اقرأ ببطء، واقرأ كل كلمة. اقرأ بصوت عالٍ لتسمع حدود الجملة.
• افصل النص إلى جمل مفردة، أو اعزل كل سطر بمسطرة.
• أحط كل علامة ترقيم واسأل هل هي واجبة.
• اقرأ بالعكس كلمة فكلمة للإملاء؛ جملة فجملة للنحو.
• راجع الحالة التي لست واثقًا منها. سؤال اختبار UNC ما زال Should you use “that” instead of “which”?

• كل فعل يوافق الفاعل الحقيقي، بما في ذلك جمل one of the…
• Data وcriteria وphenomena متسقة مع أسلوب الدار
• يُستخدم singular they حيث يتطلب APA 7 أو CMOS 18 أو MLA؛ لا he عامة متبقية
• لا لصق فاصلة؛ however لا يصل الجمل بفواصل وحدها
• لا جمل ناقصة تابعة
• كل سلسلة من ثلاثة عناصر أو أكثر لها فاصلة تسلسلية إذا كان الدليل المحدد APA أو CMOS أو MLA (أو فواصل منقوطة تسلسلية عندما يحتوي عنصر على فواصل)
• الجمل التقييدية تستخدم that بلا فواصل؛ المعلومات الزائدة تستخدم which بفواصل
• المعدّلات الافتتاحية تُلحق بالاسم التالي؛ لا A renowned author, her work…
• القوائم متوازية؛ not only يقع بعد الفعل الحاكم
• الفاصلات العليا ملكية أو اختصار، لا جموع سنوات ولا PhDs ولا Sundays
• قُرئت المسوّدة بصوت عالٍ بعد استراحة