如何用APA 7引用访谈

个人访谈，括号（无参考文献条目）：

(A. A. Interviewee, personal communication, Month Day, Year)

个人访谈，叙述（无参考文献条目）：

A. A. Interviewee (personal communication, Month Day, Year)

刊于杂志或报纸的访谈：

Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of the article. Publication Name. https://xxxxx

含访谈的播客或广播单集：

Host, H. H. (Host). (Year, Month Day). Title of episode (No. xx) [Audio podcast episode]. In Podcast Name. Publisher. https://xxxxx

已归档的电台或口述史访谈：

Interviewee, I. I. (Year, Month Day). Title of the interview [Interview]. Archive Name. https://xxxxx

研究参与者访谈：

不要文内出处，也不要参考文献条目。在正文中引述参与者，并遵守你已有的保密条款。

An interview is a dialogue or an exchange of information between people.

Interviews used as sources can be classified into three categories: published interviews, personal interviews, and research participant interviews.

To cite a published interview, follow the format for the reference type (e.g., magazine article, podcast episode, radio broadcast; see Chapter 10, Examples 15 and 95, for interviews published in a magazine article and a digital archive, respectively).

The person being interviewed will not necessarily appear in the author element of the reference

Works that cannot be recovered by readers (i.e., works without a source element; see Section 9.4) are cited in the text as personal communications.

Personal communications include emails, text messages, online chats or direct messages, personal interviews, telephone conversations, live speeches, unrecorded classroom lectures, memos, letters, messages from nonarchived discussion groups or online bulletin boards, and so on.

Use a personal communication citation only when a recoverable source is not available.

Because readers cannot retrieve the information in personal communications, personal communications are not included in the reference list; they are cited in the text only.

Give the initial(s) and surname of the communicator, and provide as exact a date as possible

Personal communications include emails, text messages, online chats or direct messages, personal interviews, telephone conversations, live speeches, nonarchived social media livestreams (e.g., Instagram Live, Twitter Spaces), unrecorded webinars, unrecorded classroom lectures, memos, letters, messages from nonarchived discussion groups or online bulletin boards, and so on.

If you learned about a topic via a classroom lecture, it would be preferable to cite the research on which the instructor based the lecture.

When communications are recoverable only in an archive (e.g., a presidential library), cite them as archival materials.

Do not use a personal communication citation for quotes or information from participants whom you interviewed as part of your own original research; instead, quote those participants directly.

叙述出处：

E.-M. Paradis (personal communication, August 8, 2019)

括号出处：

(T. Nguyen, personal communication, February 24, 2020)

参考文献（课堂打得开的课堂文件）：

Mack, R., & Spake, G. (2018). Citing open source images and formatting references for presentations [PowerPoint slides]. Canvas@FNU. https://fnu.onelogin.com/login

括号出处：

(Mack & Spake, 2018)

叙述出处：

Mack and Spake (2018)

We spoke with Anna Grant (Haida Nation, lives in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, personal communication, April 2019) about traditional understandings of the world by First Nations Peoples in Canada. She described . . .

Quotations from participants whom you interviewed as part of your research are treated differently than quotations from published works.

Because quotations from research participants are part of your original research, do not include them in the reference list or treat them as personal communications; state in the text that the quotations are from participants.

When quoting research participants, abide by the ethical agreements regarding confidentiality and/or anonymity between you and your participants.

Because quotations from research participants are part of your original research, do not include a reference list entry for them in the reference list and do not treat them as personal communications.

Participant "Julia," a 32-year-old woman from California, described her experiences as a new mother as "simultaneously the best and hardest time of my life." Several other participants agreed, describing the beginning of parenthood as "joyful," "lonely," and "intense." Julia and the other participants completed interviews in their homes.

In focus group discussions, participants described their postretirement experiences, including the emotions associated with leaving work and its affective and practical implications. "Rafael" (64 years old, retired pilot) mentioned several difficulties associated with retirement, including feeling like he was "in a void without purpose . . . it took several months to develop new interests that motivated [him] each day." Several other participants agreed, describing the entrance into retirement as "confusing," "lonely," "purposeless," and "boring." In contrast, others described the sense of "balance" and "relaxation" retirement brought to their lives.

参考文献：

Bustillos, M. (2013, March 19). On video games and storytelling: An interview with Tom Bissell. The New Yorker. https://www.newyorker.com/books/page-turner/on-video-games-and-storytelling-an-interview-with-tom-bissell

括号出处：

(Bustillos, 2013)

点名受访者的叙述出处：

Tom Bissell与Bustillos (2013)谈论了电子游戏叙事。

参考文献：

Glass, I. (Host). (2011, August 12). Amusement park (No. 443) [Audio podcast episode]. In This American life. WBEZ Chicago. https://www.thisamericanlife.org/radio-archives/episode/443/amusement-park

括号出处：

(Glass, 2011)

参考文献：

Mosley, T. (Host). (2023, November 28). 'If you have a face, you have a place in the conversation about AI,' expert says [Audio podcast episode]. In Fresh Air. NPR. https://www.npr.org/2023/11/28/1215529902/unmasking-ai-facial-recognition-technology-joy-buolamwini

括号出处：

(Mosley, 2023)

点名受访者的叙述出处：

Buolamwini讨论了面部识别技术 (Mosley, 2023)。

参考文献：

Qadar, S. (Host). (2020, February 23). Suckers for pseudoscience [Audio podcast episode]. In All in the mind. ABC Radio National. https://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/allinthemind/suckers-for-pseudoscience/11976394

括号出处：

(Qadar, 2020)

参考文献：

de Beauvoir, S. (1960, May 4). Simone de Beauvoir discusses the art of writing [Interview]. Studs Terkel Radio Archive; The Chicago History Museum. https://studsterkel.wfmt.com/programs/simone-de-beauvoir-discusses-art-writing

括号出处：

(de Beauvoir, 1960)

叙述出处：

de Beauvoir (1960)

参考文献：

Grauman, A. (1983, April 13). Oral history interview with Ann Grauman [Interview]. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. https://collections.ushmm.org/search/catalog/irn503278

括号出处：

(Grauman, 1983)

参考文献：

TED. (2012, March 16). Brené Brown: Listening to shame [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=psN1DORYYV0

括号出处：

(TED, 2012)

官方叙述嵌入：

Brown discussed shame as a human experience (TED, 2012).

括号：

(Interviewee, Year, as cited in Author, Year)

叙述：

Interviewee (Year, as cited in Author, Year) said …

参考文献：

只有Author (Year)，即你打开的作品。访谈没有自己的条目。

• 不是你的读者能否打开同一段话？若不能，且说话人不是你的参与者，用§8.9。
• 若说话人是你的参与者，在正文中引述并停止。
• 若只有LMS上的同学能打开，该作业用课堂格式，更广受众用§8.9。
• 若任何人都能打开，识别载体：期刊、播客单集、视频或档案。
• 作者栏放记者、主持人、上传者，或——仅档案访谈——受访者。
• 使用对应该载体的方括号；普通文章则不加括号。
• 受访者不在作者要素里时，在句子里点名。
• 若你只在另一篇论文里读到访谈，引用你打开的论文（as cited in），能找到原件就去找。
• 引用你实际用过的文件，不是你未打开的转载、逐字稿或片段。