How long should an annotated bibliography annotation be?

Cornell still treats about 150 words as the usual classroom length. APA §9.51 and MLA §5.132 both say the instructor sets length and focus. Do not pad to 200 words if the prompt asked for four sentences.

How many sources belong on an annotated bibliography?

There is no official APA, MLA, or Chicago quota. A short homework set may be five sources; a standalone project may be fifteen or more. The prompt wins. Do not invent sources to hit a number.

Should annotated bibliography annotations be paragraphs or bullet points?

Paragraphs. MLA Style Center shows either succinct phrases or complete sentences, both written as annotation prose. Bullet lists are acceptable only if the instructor asked for them.

Can I use first person in an annotated bibliography?

Use third person for the summary and the evaluation. First person is fine in one reflection sentence when the prompt asks how you will use the source. APA still wants bias-free, specific language from Chapters 4–5 of the Publication Manual.

Do I cite the source again inside the annotation?

No. South Texas College's restatement of APA §9.51 says the work being annotated is clear from context. Add an in-text citation only when the annotation refers to a second work, and put that second work on the list.

What is the difference between an annotation and an abstract?

Cornell: an abstract is a purely descriptive summary, often written by the source's author. An annotation is written by you. It may also judge authority, audience, and usefulness for a named project.

How do I format an APA 7 annotated bibliography indent?

Hanging indent on the reference. Then a new paragraph, with the entire annotation indented 0.5 inches from the left margin, like a block quotation. Do not add a first-line indent on a one-paragraph annotation. A second paragraph gets an extra 0.5-inch first-line indent. Ignore "two extra spaces" advice left over from APA 6.

What title do I put on an MLA annotated bibliography?

MLA Style Center: Annotated Bibliography or Annotated List of Works Cited. Do not title an MLA list References. Do not title an APA student paper Works Cited unless the instructor renamed it.

Does Chicago put the annotation in brackets or on the next line?

Either. Modesto Junior College restates CMOS: a short annotation may follow the publication details in brackets, or it may start on a new line and is often indented 0.5 inches. Do not add a first-line indent on that new-line paragraph. Ask which placement the syllabus wants.

Is an annotated bibliography the same as a literature review?

No. An annotated bibliography discusses sources one at a time. A literature review synthesizes sources around ideas. If your instructor asked for themes, gaps, and a through-line, open the literature-review guide instead of stacking annotations.

How to Write an Annotated Bibliography in APA, MLA, and Chicago [2026]

Quick Answer: How to Write an Annotated Bibliography

Cite each source in the style your instructor named. Put a hanging indent on the citation. Write one new paragraph under it that names the thesis or research question, the method, and the conclusion, then — if the prompt asks — judges authority, audience, and usefulness for your project. Cornell University Library still treats about 150 words as the usual length. Ask before you invent a source quota or a 200-word rule; APA §9.51 and MLA §5.132 both say instructors set length and focus.

Copy-ready starting templates (not invented sources)

Assignment sentence:

This annotated bibliography for [course or project] collects [number] sources on [research question] and [summarizes / evaluates / summarizes and evaluates] each one.

APA 7 citation template:

Surname, I. I., & Surname, J. J. (2020). Book title. Press. https://doi.org/xx

APA 7 annotation template:

The authors argue that [thesis]. They use [method or evidence] and conclude [finding]. The work is useful for [your question] because [specific use]; it is limited by [sample, date, or bias].

MLA 9 citation template:

Surname, Given Name. Book Title. Press, 2020.

MLA 9 annotation template:

A [synthesis / history / study] of [topic] that [main claim]. Draws on [method or field] and is useful for [your project] because [specific use].

Chicago 18 Notes-Bibliography template:

Surname, Given Name. Book Title. Press, 2020. Annotation begins on the next line and is usually indented.

Build the citation first, while the PDF or book is still open. The annotated-bibliography maker and the CitationEasy generator can style the header; they cannot invent a source you never identified. Use how to evaluate sources before you spend a paragraph on a weak item.

What an Annotated Bibliography Is

Cornell's research-guide wording is still the definition most instructors mean. The annotation is not a second abstract and not a literature-review paragraph. It sits under one citation and talks about that one work.

Cornell University Library, How to Prepare an Annotated Bibliography

An annotated bibliography is a list of citations to books, articles, and documents. Each citation is followed by a brief (usually about 150 words) descriptive and evaluative paragraph, the annotation. The purpose of the annotation is to inform the reader of the relevance, accuracy, and quality of the sources cited.

Abstracts are the purely descriptive summaries often found at the beginning of scholarly journal articles or in periodical indexes. Annotations are descriptive and critical; they may describe the author's point of view, authority, or clarity and appropriateness of expression.

The University of Toronto Writing Advice page, written by Deborah Knott, adds the research-project test: an annotated bibliography may be one stage of a larger paper, or it may stand alone. Either way, the quality of the page depends on source selection first. Define the question, then choose works that a later reader could actually recover.

Three Annotation Types Instructors Actually Assign

The UNC Writing Center still sorts annotations by job, not by citation style. The style controls the hanging indent and the title; the prompt controls whether you only summarize.

Descriptive / informative: Restate the thesis, method, and conclusion. Do not judge quality. Use this only when the assignment says "summarize" and nothing else.
Critical / evaluative: Add authority, audience, bias, and usefulness. UNC treats this as the college-level default when the prompt says analyze or assess.
Combination: Summary plus evaluation, and often one sentence on how you will use the source. This is the usual course assignment.
Indicative (less common): Names the questions or chapter topics without restating findings. Do not use this unless the prompt asks for a map of contents.

The MLA Style Center post, quoting James Harner's On Compiling an Annotated Bibliography (Modern Language Association of America, 2000), tells students what to leave out. The live Style Center page still carries an eighth-edition note; Cornell now points readers to MLA 9 §5.132 for current handbook guidance. Keep the Harner wording; do not treat the edition banner as a reason to invent a different sample.

MLA Style Center, quoting James Harner

[G]ood annotations accurately and incisively—but not cryptically—distill the essence of works

focus the reader's attention on major points

The same MLA Style Center post says annotations should not rehash minor details, cite evidence, quote the author, or recount steps in an argument. Write the paragraph in your own words after you have read the work. The old student habit of pasting the publisher blurb or the database abstract is the fastest way to fail the assignment. Classroom pages that say you can skip the article and read only the abstract are giving a shortcut, not the official rule.

APA 7 Format: Publication Manual §9.51

APA 7th edition covers annotated bibliographies in §1.10 and §9.51 (pp. 307–308). The sample is Figure 9.3 (pp. 308–309). The page looks like a References list with an extra indented paragraph under each entry. Student-paper rules from Chapter 2 still apply: one-inch margins, a readable font, double spacing, and a page number. Title the student paper Annotated Bibliography unless your instructor keeps the word References. University pages that still say "use References and indent two extra spaces" are restating older classroom practice — the UNC handout still lists the 2010 sixth-edition Publication Manual among the works it consulted. Follow §9.51 unless the syllabus names a different indent.

APA 7th edition Publication Manual §9.51 (wording restated by South Texas College and Loyola University Chicago)

Most APA Style guidelines are applicable to annotated bibliographies.

Annotated bibliographies consist of reference list entries followed by short descriptions of the work called annotations. Instructors generally set requirements, but APA Style guidelines still apply.

Each annotation should be a new paragraph below its reference entry. Indent the entire annotation 0.5 in. from the left margin, the same as you would a block quotation (see Section 8.27). Do not indent the first line of the annotation.

If the annotation spans multiple paragraphs, indent the first line of the second and any subsequent paragraphs an additional 0.5 in., the same as you would a block quotation with multiple paragraphs.

It is not necessary to cite the work being annotated in the annotation because the origin of the information is clear through context; however, do include in-text citations (see Chapter 8) if you refer to multiple works within an annotation to clarify the source.

Alphabetize the references the same way you would a reference list (§9.43–§9.44). You do not cite the work inside its own annotation; the hanging-indent header already names it. If the annotation mentions a second source, add a normal APA in-text citation and put that second work on the list. Instructors still set the number of sources and the word count.

The sample APA print in the manual is this chapter. Loyola University Chicago reproduces it from §9.51 / p. 308. Do not invent a different DOI or a different page range.

Official APA 7 sample (Publication Manual Figure 9.3 / p. 308, reproduced by Loyola University Chicago)

Reference:

Barber, L. K., Grawitch, M. J., & Maloney, P. W. (2016). Work-life balance: Contemporary perspectives. In M. J. Grawitch & D. W. Ballard (Eds.), The psychologically healthy workplace: Building a win-win environment for organizations and employees (pp. 111-133). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/14731-006

Annotation:

This book chapter provides an overview of the psychosociological concept of work-life balance. The authors discuss findings from studies showing harmful effects of work-life conflict on psychological and behavioral health as well as beneficial effects of work-life facilitation, wherein one role makes a positive contribution to the other. The chapter concludes with a description of work-life balance initiatives that organizations have adopted to help employees manage their dual work and nonwork obligations and some of the key factors influencing their effectiveness.

MLA 9 Format: Handbook §5.132 and the Style Center

MLA 9th edition (2021) §5.132 (p. 226) is the current handbook section. Format the source exactly as it would appear on a Works Cited page, including the hanging indent. Then append the annotation. Loyola's MLA 9 restatement: annotations are generally one paragraph and are indented one inch — that is, farther in than the half-inch hanging indent on the citation. Title the list Annotated Bibliography or Annotated List of Works Cited. You may sort by author, title, date, or subject; say which order you used if it is not alphabetical. Cornell's current guide now adds "For additional annotation guidance from MLA, see 5.132: Annotated Bibliographies."

MLA Style Center, What guidance should I give my students for preparing an annotated bibliography?

Students should style a source in an annotated bibliography just as they would in a list of works cited and then append an annotation to the end of the entry.

The list should be titled Annotated Bibliography or Annotated List of Works Cited. Students may organize the bibliography alphabetically by author or title (as for a normal list of works cited), by the date of publication, or by subject.

The Style Center allows two sentence styles. Phrase-style annotations sit on the same block as the citation. Complete-sentence annotations get a line space after the entry, then a paragraph indent. UNC's older classroom note ("begin immediately; don't skip a line") matches the phrase style. If your instructor wants full sentences, follow the Style Center's line-space version. Both official samples use Janet Harbord's real 2007 book The Evolution of Film: Rethinking Film Studies (Polity).

Official MLA Style Center samples (Harbord, 2007)

Phrase-style entry:

Harbord, Janet. The Evolution of Film: Rethinking Film Studies. Polity, 2007. A synthesis of classic film theory and an examination of the state of film studies as of 2007 that draws on contemporary scholarship in philosophy, anthropology, and media studies.

Complete-sentence annotation:

This synthesis of classic film theory examines the state of film studies as of 2007. It draws on contemporary scholarship in philosophy, anthropology, and media studies.

The MLA Handbook §5.132 sample that Loyola reprints is a different real book. Keep the official annotation English; it is handbook wording, not a student draft you should rewrite.

Official MLA Handbook §5.132 sample (reproduced by Loyola University Chicago)

Works-cited line:

Moore, Nicole. The Censor's Library: Uncovering the Lost History of Australia's Banned Books. U of Queensland P, 2012.

Annotation:

The book provides a comprehensive history of Australian print censorship and discusses its implications for questions of transnationalism and the construction of the reader.

Chicago 18 Format: Bibliography Types in §13.65

Chicago 18th edition (2024) §13.65 lists five bibliography types. Villanova's Falvey Library restates that taxonomy from CMS 13.65 ff. The annotated bibliography is type 3: entries that include annotations summarizing the cited sources. Students may also be asked to say how they will use a source. The citation itself follows ordinary Notes-Bibliography form — hanging indent, first author inverted, city of publication usually omitted in CMOS 18. Title the page Bibliography or Annotated Bibliography as the assignment says. Turabian 9th edition is still the current student companion.

Villanova Falvey Library restatement of CMOS 18 §13.65

Annotated bibliographies include annotations that summarize the cited sources. Students may also be asked to describe how they intend to use a source for their project.

Chicago does not give APA's 0.5-inch block-quote rule as the only option. Modesto Junior College restates the handbook's two placements. Loyola's restatement of the older CMOS 17 §14.64 sample still says annotations usually start on the next line and are usually indented. Turabian 9 classroom sheets often single-space each entry and put a blank line between entries. Follow the syllabus if it conflicts with a libguide.

Modesto Junior College restatement of Chicago annotation placement

The Chicago Manual of Style tells us that annotations may simply follow the publication details [often in brackets] or they may start on a new line (and are often indented 0.5 in. from the left margin).

Do not indent the first line of the annotation.

The long-standing Chicago sample annotation is Donald Allen's real 1960 anthology. CMOS 17 printed the city; CMOS 18 bibliography entries normally drop it. Loyola's Chicago page was last updated 14 November 2025 and still reprints the 17th-edition sample. The annotation text below is the handbook sample Loyola quotes, not a student paraphrase.

Chicago sample annotation (CMOS handbook example, reproduced by Loyola University Chicago)

CMOS 17 sample citation (city included):

Allen, Donald M., ed. The New American Poetry. New York: Grove Press, 1960.

CMOS 18 bibliography form of the same book:

Allen, Donald M., ed. The New American Poetry. Grove Press, 1960.

Sample annotation:

Concentrates on the postwar period from 1945 to 1960 and presents the work of poets who identified themselves with antiformalist movements or waves, often associated with fugitive publications and little magazines (Yugen, Neon, Kulchur, Big Table, etc.): the most prominent groups were the Black Mountain school (Olson, Duncan) and the experimental city poets from New York (like Frank O'Hara, LeRoi Jones, and Gilbert Sorrentino) and San Francisco (the "Beats" Kerouac, Corso, Ginsberg). John Ashbery, James Schuyler, Denise Levertov, and Gary Snyder are also represented.

APA, MLA, and Chicago Format at a Glance

The three styles share a hanging-indent citation and a paragraph about that source. They do not share a title, an indent depth, or a line-space rule. Use this table when a classmate's APA sample is sitting next to your MLA prompt.

APA 7 §9.51

Usual title: Annotated Bibliography, or References if the instructor keeps it
Citation: hanging indent, then no extra blank line
Annotation: entire paragraph at 0.5 in., like a block quotation
Second paragraph: extra 0.5 in. first-line indent
Do not cite the work inside its own annotation

MLA 9 §5.132

Title: Annotated Bibliography or Annotated List of Works Cited
Citation: works-cited hanging indent
Annotation: farther in (one inch in Loyola's restatement)
Phrases: stay on the same block
Complete sentences: one line space, then a paragraph indent

Chicago 18 sits between them: hanging-indent bibliography form, then either a bracketed note after the publication details or a new-line annotation that is often indented 0.5 in. CMOS 18 usually omits the city that older Allen samples still print.

A Real Journal Article in APA 7 and MLA 9

Cornell's public sample uses a real 1986 American Sociological Review article by Linda J. Waite, Frances Kobrin Goldscheider, and Christina Witsberger, "Nonfamily Living and the Erosion of Traditional Family Orientations Among Young Adults," vol. 51, no. 4, pp. 541–554, https://doi.org/10.2307/2095586. The annotation below is Cornell's published wording, not a new student paragraph. APA 7 §9.25 includes the issue number when the journal uses issues; Cornell's current APA 7 sample keeps (4) and still omits the DOI. Cornell's APA line spells the second author Goldschneider; the journal's byline and the RAND reprint are Goldscheider. This page keeps Cornell's published citation.

Cornell University Library sample (Waite et al., 1986)

APA 7 citation:

Waite, L., Goldschneider, F., & Witsberger, C. (1986). Nonfamily living and the erosion of traditional family orientations among young adults. American Sociological Review, 51(4), 541-554.

MLA 9 citation:

Waite, Linda J., et al. "Nonfamily Living and the Erosion of Traditional Family Orientations Among Young Adults." American Sociological Review, vol. 51, no. 4, 1986, pp. 541-554.

Cornell annotation (same paragraph in both styles):

The authors, researchers at the Rand Corporation and Brown University, use data from the National Longitudinal Surveys of Young Women and Young Men to test their hypothesis that nonfamily living by young adults alters their attitudes, values, plans, and expectations, moving them away from their belief in traditional sex roles. They find their hypothesis strongly supported in young females, while the effects were fewer in studies of young males. Increasing the time away from parents before marrying increased individualism, self-sufficiency, and changes in attitudes about families. In contrast, an earlier study by Williams cited below shows no significant gender differences in sex role attitudes as a result of nonfamily living.

That last sentence is the teaching point Cornell wants: a good annotation can compare the source with another item on the same list. If you name Williams, you must have Williams on the bibliography. Do not copy Cornell's "Williams cited below" sentence onto a one-source homework page.

Summarize the Argument, Not the Table of Contents

Toronto's annotated-bibliography advice is the failure mode this page keeps: a paragraph that only lists chapters is not an annotation. Toronto's contrasting samples use Sharon Donna McIvor's real 1995 article "Aboriginal women's rights as 'existing rights'" in Canadian Woman Studies / Les Cahiers de la Femme 2/3, pp. 34–38. The first sample only lists statutes. The second names the research question, the method, and the conclusion.

University of Toronto Writing Advice (McIvor, 1995)

Citation both samples share:

McIvor, S. D. (1995). Aboriginal women’s rights as “existing rights.” Canadian Woman Studies/Les Cahiers de la Femme 2/3, 34-38.

Only lists contents (what to avoid):

This article discusses recent constitutional legislation as it affects the human rights of aboriginal women in Canada: the Constitution Act (1982), its amendment in 1983, and amendments to the Indian Act (1985). It also discusses the implications for aboriginal women of the Supreme Court of Canada’s interpretation of the Constitution Act in R. v. Sparrow (1991).

Identifies the argument (what to write):

This article seeks to define the extent of the civil and political rights returned to aboriginal women in the Constitution Act (1982), in its amendment in 1983, and in amendments to the Indian Act (1985). This legislation reverses prior laws that denied Indian status to aboriginal women who married non-aboriginal men. On the basis of the Supreme Court of Canada’s interpretation of the Constitution Act in R. v. Sparrow (1991), McIvor argues that the Act recognizes fundamental human rights and existing aboriginal rights, granting to aboriginal women full participation in the aboriginal right to self-government.

How to Write Each Entry

Cornell's process is still the shortest honest sequence. It matches the warning that an annotation written from the abstract alone will miss the method, the limits, and the conclusion. MLA Style Center is blunt: writing an effective annotation requires reading the work.

Locate recoverable sources that actually answer the question. Prefer the item itself over a database abstract. See how to find scholarly sources and library databases.
Examine the work, then keep the items that give different perspectives. A stack of five identical news explainers is not a bibliography.
Cite the work in the assigned style before you draft the paragraph. Capture the DOI while the PDF is open; how to use DOIs covers the lookup.
Write one concise paragraph that states the central theme and scope. Cornell still wants at least one sentence that (a) evaluates the author's authority, (b) names the intended audience, (c) compares the work with another cited source, or (d) explains how the work illuminates the topic.
Alphabetize unless the prompt asks for chronological or thematic groups. Thematic groups need headings; do not hide a new organization inside an alphabetical list.

Write the summary in third person and present tense ("The authors argue"). First person belongs only in a required reflection sentence ("I will use this chapter to frame the methods section"). Do not pad with quotations; paraphrasing versus quoting is the skill the annotation is testing. Keep notes that can become citations later with how to take research notes.

Annotated Bibliography vs. Literature Review vs. Reference List

Students lose marks by turning this assignment into a literature review or a plain bibliography. The three products share sources. They do not share structure.

Three related assignments, three different pages
Feature	Annotated bibliography	Literature review	APA References / MLA Works Cited
Unit of organization	One source, then the next, usually A–Z	Ideas, debates, or methods	One source per line, A–Z or numbered
What follows the citation	A paragraph about that source	No citation-then-paragraph list	Nothing; the next entry starts
Job of the prose	Describe and often evaluate one work	Synthesize several works in one argument	Make each cited work recoverable
Typical title	Annotated Bibliography	Literature Review, or a chapter title	References, Works Cited, or Bibliography
May include unused sources	Only if the instructor allows a works-consulted list	Sometimes, when mapping a field	APA and MLA: cited works only

When Libguides Disagree with the Handbook

Classroom pages lag editions. Use the handbook section the assignment named, then treat a libguide as a restatement.

UNC still documents an APA sixth-edition indent. Its annotated-bibliography handout tells students to title the list References and indent the annotation two extra spaces. APA 7 §9.51 is a 0.5-inch block-quotation indent. UNC's works-consulted list still includes the 2010 Publication Manual.
The MLA Style Center post is eighth-edition content. The live page says so. MLA 9 §5.132 is the current handbook section; Cornell now cites 5.132. Keep the Harbord samples; do not invent a ninth-edition substitute.
Loyola's Chicago page still reprints CMOS 17 §14.64. Use that Allen annotation text, but drop the city if you are writing CMOS 18 bibliography form.
"You do not have to read the whole article" is not Cornell or MLA advice. Skim aids can help you decide whether to keep a source. They are not enough to write the annotation.

Failure Modes That Cost Marks

Writing from the abstract. Abstracts omit limits, appendices, and the actual evidence. Read the work.
Only summarizing when the prompt says evaluate. "This is a good source" is not evaluation. Name a method, a sample, a date, or a bias.
Wrong hanging indent. APA §9.51: citation hanging indent, then the whole annotation at 0.5 in. MLA §5.132: citation hanging indent, annotation farther in (one inch in the Loyola restatement).
Skipping a line in APA, or not skipping a line in MLA sentence style. APA: next line, no extra blank line. MLA complete sentences: one line space, then a paragraph indent.
Inventing page numbers, DOIs, or case names. If you cannot recover the source, drop it. Do not write a student-voice annotation and present it as a handbook sample.
A source with no author. Alphabetize by the title's first significant word. See how to cite a source with no author.
Copying the Chicago city from a 17th-edition sample into a CMOS 18 paper. CMOS 18 bibliography entries usually omit the place of publication.
Putting "Bibliography" on an APA student paper or "References" on an MLA list unless the instructor renamed the page.

Checklist Before You Submit

Before submission

Every citation matches the assigned style and uses a hanging indent
Entries are in the order the prompt named (usually author A–Z)
Each annotation is a new paragraph under its citation, indented as that style requires
The paragraph names thesis or question, method, and conclusion
Evaluation is specific when the prompt asks for it
No pasted abstract, publisher blurb, or invented quotation
A second work named in an annotation also appears on the list
Title page or running head matches the style if the assignment is a standalone paper

Format the citation, then write the annotation

Use the annotated-bibliography maker when you want the hanging indent and the annotation field on one page. Use the main generator when you only need the citation string. Neither tool should invent a source.

Open the annotated-bibliography maker Open the citation generator

Frequently Asked Questions

How long should an annotated bibliography annotation be?: Cornell still treats about 150 words as the usual classroom length. APA §9.51 and MLA §5.132 both say the instructor sets length and focus. Do not pad to 200 words if the prompt asked for four sentences.
How many sources belong on an annotated bibliography?: There is no official APA, MLA, or Chicago quota. A short homework set may be five sources; a standalone project may be fifteen or more. The prompt wins. Do not invent sources to hit a number.
Should annotated bibliography annotations be paragraphs or bullet points?: Paragraphs. MLA Style Center shows either succinct phrases or complete sentences, both written as annotation prose. Bullet lists are acceptable only if the instructor asked for them.
Can I use first person in an annotated bibliography?: Use third person for the summary and the evaluation. First person is fine in one reflection sentence when the prompt asks how you will use the source. APA still wants bias-free, specific language from Chapters 4–5 of the Publication Manual.
Do I cite the source again inside the annotation?: No. South Texas College's restatement of APA §9.51 says the work being annotated is clear from context. Add an in-text citation only when the annotation refers to a second work, and put that second work on the list.
What is the difference between an annotation and an abstract?: Cornell: an abstract is a purely descriptive summary, often written by the source's author. An annotation is written by you. It may also judge authority, audience, and usefulness for a named project.
How do I format an APA 7 annotated bibliography indent?: Hanging indent on the reference. Then a new paragraph, with the entire annotation indented 0.5 inches from the left margin, like a block quotation. Do not add a first-line indent on a one-paragraph annotation. A second paragraph gets an extra 0.5-inch first-line indent. Ignore "two extra spaces" advice left over from APA 6.
What title do I put on an MLA annotated bibliography?: MLA Style Center: Annotated Bibliography or Annotated List of Works Cited. Do not title an MLA list References. Do not title an APA student paper Works Cited unless the instructor renamed it.
Does Chicago put the annotation in brackets or on the next line?: Either. Modesto Junior College restates CMOS: a short annotation may follow the publication details in brackets, or it may start on a new line and is often indented 0.5 inches. Do not add a first-line indent on that new-line paragraph. Ask which placement the syllabus wants.
Is an annotated bibliography the same as a literature review?: No. An annotated bibliography discusses sources one at a time. A literature review synthesizes sources around ideas. If your instructor asked for themes, gaps, and a through-line, open the literature-review guide instead of stacking annotations.