Guide library
Citation and academic writing guides
In-depth guides on citing specific kinds of source, evaluating what you find, and writing well.
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APA Style
How to cite websites, journal articles, books, videos, and more in APA 7th edition, with reference-list and in-text examples for each.
16 guides
MLA Style
How to cite every common source in MLA 9th edition, from web pages and journal articles to poems, plays, films, and course materials.
15 guides
Chicago Style
Chicago Manual of Style guides covering notes-bibliography and author-date citations for books, articles, archives, government documents, and media.
13 guides
Style Comparisons
Side-by-side comparisons of APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, Vancouver, IEEE, and more, plus advice on which style your discipline expects.
13 guides
Research Methods
How to plan a research paper, review the literature, take notes, evaluate sources, avoid plagiarism, and build a bibliography.
15 guides
Academic Writing
Writing guides for abstracts, introductions, conclusions, thesis statements, methodology sections, and clear academic prose.
20 guides
Field-Specific
Citation guides for individual disciplines, from psychology, history, and literature to medicine, engineering, law, and nursing.
12 guides
Source Evaluation
How to judge credibility, tell scholarly from popular sources, use Google Scholar and library databases, and spot bias.
12 guides
Citation Help
Answers to the tricky cases: missing authors or dates, multiple authors, PDFs, AI tools, legal cases, and importing or exporting citations.
30 guides
Recently updated
- Citation Help
How to Cite a Group Author (Organization as Author)
Cite a corporation, agency, or NGO as the author in APA 7, MLA 9, and Chicago 18. Official group-author wording, the WHO 2025 and NCI samples, MLA's title-first publisher rule, and CMOS 18 site-owner entries.
- Citation Help
How to Cite a Source in Another Language
Cite a work you read in its original language in APA 7, MLA 9, and Chicago 18: keep the original title, add a bracketed translation, transliterate non-Latin scripts, and mark your own translations.
- Academic Writing
What Needs a Citation? Common Knowledge in APA, MLA, and Chicago
Decide whether a fact, statistic, lecture idea, or quotation is common knowledge. Official APA 7 §8.1, MLA 9 §4.13, Harvard, MIT, UNC, and CMOS wording, with the Census 340.1 million, Jack, Niepel, Yu, and Mack examples.
- Citation Help
How to Cite a Secondary Source (As Cited In)
Cite a work you read only in another work. APA 7 §8.6 as cited in (Rabbitt–Lyon, Allport–Nicholson), MLA 9 §6.77 qtd. in (Pope–Damrosch), and CMOS 18 §14.160 quoted in (Zukofsky–Costello).
- Citation Help
How to Cite a Syllabus, Class Handout, or Course Pack
Cite a syllabus, photocopied handout, or course pack in APA 7, MLA 9, and Chicago 18. Recoverability test, official Mack–Elders–Mueller–Jackson examples, and CMOS unpublished notes.
- Citation Help
How to Cite a Museum Exhibit, Label, or Artifact
Cite the object, the wall label, the exhibition, or the catalog in APA 7, MLA 9, and Chicago 18. Official Wood, van Gogh, Bearden, Unbound, and Dalí examples — not one template for every gallery source.
APA Style
16 guidesHow to cite websites, journal articles, books, videos, and more in APA 7th edition, with reference-list and in-text examples for each.
MLA Style
15 guidesHow to cite every common source in MLA 9th edition, from web pages and journal articles to poems, plays, films, and course materials.
Chicago Style
13 guidesChicago Manual of Style guides covering notes-bibliography and author-date citations for books, articles, archives, government documents, and media.
Style Comparisons
13 guidesSide-by-side comparisons of APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, Vancouver, IEEE, and more, plus advice on which style your discipline expects.
Research Methods
15 guidesHow to plan a research paper, review the literature, take notes, evaluate sources, avoid plagiarism, and build a bibliography.
Academic Writing
20 guidesWriting guides for abstracts, introductions, conclusions, thesis statements, methodology sections, and clear academic prose.
Field-Specific
12 guidesCitation guides for individual disciplines, from psychology, history, and literature to medicine, engineering, law, and nursing.
Source Evaluation
12 guidesHow to judge credibility, tell scholarly from popular sources, use Google Scholar and library databases, and spot bias.
Citation Help
30 guidesAnswers to the tricky cases: missing authors or dates, multiple authors, PDFs, AI tools, legal cases, and importing or exporting citations.