Citation and academic writing guides

How to cite websites, journal articles, books, videos, and more in APA 7th edition, with reference-list and in-text examples for each.

How to cite every common source in MLA 9th edition, from web pages and journal articles to poems, plays, films, and course materials.

Chicago Manual of Style guides covering notes-bibliography and author-date citations for books, articles, archives, government documents, and media.

Side-by-side comparisons of APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, Vancouver, IEEE, and more, plus advice on which style your discipline expects.

How to plan a research paper, review the literature, take notes, evaluate sources, avoid plagiarism, and build a bibliography.

Writing guides for abstracts, introductions, conclusions, thesis statements, methodology sections, and clear academic prose.

Citation guides for individual disciplines, from psychology, history, and literature to medicine, engineering, law, and nursing.

How to judge credibility, tell scholarly from popular sources, use Google Scholar and library databases, and spot bias.

Answers to the tricky cases: missing authors or dates, multiple authors, PDFs, AI tools, legal cases, and importing or exporting citations.