كيف تستشهد بمصادر علم الأحياء بنمط CSE

قالب المجلة في citation-sequence / citation-name:

Author(s). Article title. Journal title. Date;volume(issue):location. URL

قالب المجلة في name-year:

Author(s). Date. Article title. Journal title. Volume(issue):location. URL

قالب الكتاب في citation-sequence:

Author(s). Title. Edition. Publisher; year of publication.

قالب الكتاب في name-year:

Author(s). Date. Title. Edition. Publisher.

مجلة citation-sequence الرسمية:

Haasnoot M, Lawrence J, Magnan AK. Pathways to coastal retreat. Science. 2021;372(6548):1287–1290. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abi6594

مجلة name-year الرسمية:

Fauci AS, Lane HC. 2020. Four decades of HIV/AIDS—much accomplished, much to do. N Engl J Med. 383(1):1–4. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp1916753

استشهاد name-year الرسمي داخل النص (مؤلفان):

(Fauci and Lane 2020)

citation-sequence داخل الجملة:

مسارات التكيف الساحلي قيد الاستخدام أصلًا.¹

The CSE Manual presents 3 systems for referring to references (also known as citations) within the text of a journal article, book, or other scientific publication: (1) citation–sequence, (2) name–year, and (3) citation–name.

A DOI-based URL (which starts with https://doi.org/), when available, should be preferred to any other form of URL.

For articles with more than 5 authors, list the first author followed by “et al.”

Journal titles are generally abbreviated according to the List of Title Word Abbreviations maintained by the ISSN International Centre.

Council of Science Editors, Style Manual Task Force. The CSE manual: scientific style and format for authors, editors, and publishers. 9th ed. Council of Science Editors in cooperation with The University of Chicago Press; 2024. https://doi.org/10.7208/cse9

As of the ninth edition, the maximum number of authors listed is 5, and references with 6 or more authors should list only the first author followed by “et al.”

Additionally, access dates for online sources are now required only when the date of publication, copyright, or revision cannot be determined, and publisher locations are no longer needed (partly because this information has become less relevant, but also because many book publishers have multiple locations).

حد المؤلفين في الطبعة الثامنة (متقاعد):

For articles with more than 10 authors, list the first 10 followed by “et al.”

عينة العشرة مؤلفين من الطبعة الثامنة (Pizzi):

Pizzi C, Caraglia M, Cianciulli M, Fabbrocini A, Libroia A, Matano E, Contegiacomo A, Del Prete S, Abbruzzese A, Martignetti A, et al. Low-dose recombinant IL-2 induces psychological changes: monitoring by Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI). Anticancer Res. 2002;22(2A):727–732.

These 2 systems are identical except for the order in which the end references are listed. In both systems, numbers within the text refer to the end references.

In the citation–sequence system, the end references are listed in the sequence in which they first appear within the text. For example, if a reference by Smith is the first one mentioned in the text, then the complete reference to the Smith work will be number 1 in the end references. The same number is used for subsequent in-text references to the same document.

In the citation–name system, the end references are listed alphabetically by the first author’s surname. Multiple works by the same author are listed alphabetically by title.

Citation-sequence، ثلاثة مؤلفين:

Haasnoot M, Lawrence J, Magnan AK. Pathways to coastal retreat. Science. 2021;372(6548):1287–1290. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abi6594

Citation-sequence، أكثر من 5 مؤلفين:

Ashraf M et al. Interaction between the distribution of diabetic retinopathy lesions and the association of optical coherence tomography angiography scans with diabetic retinopathy severity. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2020;138(12):1291–1297. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2020.4516

Name-year، مؤلفان:

Fauci AS, Lane HC. 2020. Four decades of HIV/AIDS—much accomplished, much to do. N Engl J Med. 383(1):1–4. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp1916753

Name-year داخل النص، مؤلفان:

(Fauci and Lane 2020)

Name-year داخل النص، ثلاثة أو أكثر:

(Haasnoot et al 2021)

حد المؤلفين في name-year (Quick Guide):

For articles with 3 to 5 authors, list all authors in the end reference; for articles with more than 5 authors, list the first author followed by “et al.” In either case, list only the first author followed by “et al” in the in-text reference.

Citation-sequence، رقم مقال بلا مجلد:

Liu L, Bai P, Liu C, Tian W, Liang K. Changes in extreme precipitation in the Mekong Basin. Adv Meteorol. 2020:8874869. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8874869

Name-year، رقم مقال:

Liu L, Bai P, Liu C, Tian W, Liang K. 2020. Changes in extreme precipitation in the Mekong Basin. Adv Meteorol. 8874869. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8874869

Citation-sequence الرسمي، مجلد بلا عدد:

Kim KY, Kim BS. The effect of regional warming on the East Asian summer monsoon. Clim Dyn. 2020;54:3259–3277. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-020-05169-7

Citation-sequence الرسمي، عدد زائد ملحق:

Yohannes AM, Kaplan A, Hanania NA. Anxiety and depression in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: recognition and management. Cleve Clin J Med. 2018;85(2 Suppl 1):S11–S18. https://doi.org/10.3949/ccjm.85.s1.03

Name-year المؤلفون أنفسهم والسنة نفسها (2020a الرسمي):

Lee SMC et al. 2020a. Arterial structure and function during and after long-duration spaceflight. J Appl Physiol. 129(1):108–123. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00550.2019

Name-year المؤلفون أنفسهم والسنة نفسها (2020b الرسمي):

Lee SMC et al. 2020b. Efficacy of gradient compression garments in the hours after long-duration spaceflight. Front Physiol. 11:784. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2020.00784

Name-year داخل النص، العملان:

(Lee et al 2020a, 2020b)

Watson JD, Crick FH. Molecular structure of nucleic acids: a structure for deoxyribose nucleic acid. Nature. 1953;171(4356):737–738. https://doi.org/10.1038/171737a0

Name-year، مؤلفان:

Reiss MJ, Ruse M. 2023. The new biology: a battle between mechanism and organicism. Harvard University Press.

Name-year داخل النص:

(Reiss and Ruse 2023)

Citation-sequence، كتاب مترجم:

Klarsfeld A, Revah F. The biology of death: origins of mortality. Brady L, translator. Cornell University Press; 2003.

Citation-sequence، مترجم ومحرر (العنوان الميتوكوندري الرسمي):

Luzikov VN. Mitochondrial biogenesis and breakdown. Galkin AV, translator; Roodyn DB, editor. Consultants Bureau; 1985.

فصل citation-sequence، مؤلفون مختلفون:

Geisslitz S, Scherf K. The holy grail of ancient cereals. In: Boukid F, editor. Cereal-based foodstuffs: the backbone of Mediterranean cuisine. Springer; 2021. p 269–301.

فصل citation-sequence، المؤلف نفسه:

Everard M. Ecosystem services: key issues. Routledge; 2017. Chapter 8, Regenerative landscapes: reversing the cycle; p 141–169.

كتاب إلكتروني citation-sequence، أكثر من 5 محررين:

Agarwal A et al, editors. Oxford handbook of clinical surgery. 5th ed. Oxford University Press; 2022. https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198799481.001.0001

Alberts B et al. Molecular biology of the cell. 7th ed. W. W. Norton & Company; 2022.

كتاب forthcoming رسمي بنظام citation-sequence (Quick Guide، ما زال حيًّا):

Kasper D et al. Harrison’s principles of internal medicine. 22nd ed. McGraw Hill Professional. Forthcoming 2026.

كتاب forthcoming رسمي بنظام name-year:

Kasper D et al. Forthcoming 2026. Harrison’s principles of internal medicine. 22nd ed. McGraw Hill Professional.

name-year الرسمي داخل النص:

(Kasper, forthcoming 2026)

عرض CSE 9 للطبعة 22 المنشورة (Longo أولًا؛ 8 أسماء، لذا et al.):

Longo DL et al, editors. Harrison's principles of internal medicine. 22nd ed. McGraw Hill; 2025.

the best way to cite a GenBank record in a publication is to use the full accession.version identifier for the record.

عرض CSE 9 لتلك المقالة في NAR (7 مؤلفين، لذا et al.):

Sayers EW et al. GenBank 2025 update. Nucleic Acids Res. 2025;53(D1):D56–D61. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkae1114

Nucleotide [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US), National Center for Biotechnology Information; [1988] – . Accession No. NM_001349333.1, Homo sapiens FYN binding protein (FYB), transcript variant 4, mRNA; [cited YYYY Mmm DD]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NM_001349333.1

عرض CSE 9 لورقة موارد NCBI 2026 (NAR 54(D1):D20–D27):

Sayers EW et al. Database resources of the National Center for Biotechnology Information in 2026. Nucleic Acids Res. 2025;54(D1):D20–D27. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkaf1060

BLAST 1990 (5 مؤلفين، لذا أدرج الجميع):

Altschul SF, Gish W, Miller W, Myers EW, Lipman DJ. Basic local alignment search tool. J Mol Biol. 1990;215(3):403–410. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-2836(05)80360-2

Gapped BLAST / PSI-BLAST 1997 (أكثر من 5 مؤلفين):

Altschul SF et al. Gapped BLAST and PSI-BLAST: a new generation of protein database search programs. Nucleic Acids Res. 1997;25(17):3389–3402. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/25.17.3389

BLAST+ (سنة قائمة NCBI 2008؛ BMC 2009؛ 7 مؤلفين، لذا et al.):

Camacho C et al. BLAST+: architecture and applications. BMC Bioinformatics. 2009;10:421. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2105-10-421

ElasticBLAST (5 مؤلفين، لذا أدرج الجميع):

Camacho C, Boratyn GM, Joukov V, Vera Alvarez R, Madden TL. ElasticBLAST: accelerating sequence search via cloud computing. BMC Bioinformatics. 2023;24(1):117. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12859-023-05245-9

ImageJ (Nature Methods؛ 3 مؤلفين):

Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW. NIH Image to ImageJ: 25 years of image analysis. Nat Methods. 2012;9(7):671–675. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.2089

Fiji، إن كان هذا الإصدار الذي شغّلته (صفحة استشهاد ImageJ، doi:10.1038/nmeth.2019):

Schindelin J et al. Fiji: an open-source platform for biological-image analysis. Nat Methods. 2012;9(7):676–682. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.2019

مسودة citation-sequence الرسمية:

Lopez Bernal J et al. Effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines against the B.1.617.2 variant [preprint]. medRxiv 2021. https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.05.22.21257658

مسودة name-year الرسمية:

Lopez Bernal J et al. 2021. Effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines against the B.1.617.2 variant [preprint]. medRxiv. https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.05.22.21257658

عرض CSE 9 لمقالة NEJM اللاحقة (استشهد بهذا إن قرأت المجلة):

Lopez Bernal J et al. Effectiveness of Covid-19 vaccines against the B.1.617.2 (Delta) variant. N Engl J Med. 2021;385(7):585–594. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2108891

أطروحة citation-sequence الرسمية:

Liang S. Transport properties of topological semimetals and non-symmorphic topological insulator [dissertation]. Princeton University; 2020. https://arks.princeton.edu/ark:/88435/dsp01vm40xv52n

ahead of print بنظام citation-sequence الرسمي:

Corrigan TJ Jr, Businger S. The anatomy of a series of cloud bursts that eclipsed the US rainfall record. Mon Wea Rev. [published online ahead of print 2021 Dec 30]. https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-21-0028.1

تبويب citation-sequence / citation-name:

If no date of publication or update is available, include an access date.

تبويب name-year:

If no date of publication is available, use “date unknown” and include an access date.

موقع مؤرّخ رسمي بنظام citation-sequence (CDC؛ العنوان المتبقي الآن 404):

Health equity considerations and racial and ethnic minority groups. US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Division of Viral Diseases; 2020 Apr 30 [updated 2022 Jan 25]. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/community/health-equity/race-ethnicity.html

موقع مؤرّخ رسمي بنظام name-year:

Health equity considerations and racial and ethnic minority groups. 2020 Apr 30. US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Division of Viral Diseases; [updated 2022 Jan 25]. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/community/health-equity/race-ethnicity.html

استشهاد name-year الرسمي داخل النص لتلك الصفحة:

(Health equity . . . 2020)

خريطة بلا تاريخ رسمية بنظام name-year:

Montrose Point Bird Sanctuary, Chicago, Illinois. [date unknown]. Google Maps; [accessed 2022 Jan 3]. https://goo.gl/maps/GJALYGBXFZ8TSGK5A

استشهاد name-year الرسمي داخل النص:

(Montrose Point . . . [date unknown])

References to personal communications are placed in running text rather than as formal end references. Permission is usually required and should be acknowledged in an “Acknowledgments” or “Notes” section at the end of the document.

. . . local and systemic reactions were expected to be stronger after the second dose (2022 letter from TD Perez to author; unreferenced, see “Notes”) . . .

Not all forthcoming or unpublished sources are suitable for inclusion in reference lists. Check with your publisher if in doubt.