생물학 출처를 CSE 스타일로 인용하는 방법

Citation-sequence / citation-name 학술지 템플릿:

Author(s). Article title. Journal title. Date;volume(issue):location. URL

Name-year 학술지 템플릿:

Author(s). Date. Article title. Journal title. Volume(issue):location. URL

Citation-sequence 단행본 템플릿:

Author(s). Title. Edition. Publisher; year of publication.

Name-year 단행본 템플릿:

Author(s). Date. Title. Edition. Publisher.

공식 citation-sequence 학술지:

Haasnoot M, Lawrence J, Magnan AK. Pathways to coastal retreat. Science. 2021;372(6548):1287–1290. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abi6594

공식 name-year 학술지:

Fauci AS, Lane HC. 2020. Four decades of HIV/AIDS—much accomplished, much to do. N Engl J Med. 383(1):1–4. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp1916753

공식 name-year 본문(저자 2명):

(Fauci and Lane 2020)

문장의 citation-sequence:

Coastal adaptation pathways are already in use.¹

The CSE Manual presents 3 systems for referring to references (also known as citations) within the text of a journal article, book, or other scientific publication: (1) citation–sequence, (2) name–year, and (3) citation–name.

A DOI-based URL (which starts with https://doi.org/), when available, should be preferred to any other form of URL.

For articles with more than 5 authors, list the first author followed by “et al.”

Journal titles are generally abbreviated according to the List of Title Word Abbreviations maintained by the ISSN International Centre.

Council of Science Editors, Style Manual Task Force. The CSE manual: scientific style and format for authors, editors, and publishers. 9th ed. Council of Science Editors in cooperation with The University of Chicago Press; 2024. https://doi.org/10.7208/cse9

As of the ninth edition, the maximum number of authors listed is 5, and references with 6 or more authors should list only the first author followed by “et al.”

Additionally, access dates for online sources are now required only when the date of publication, copyright, or revision cannot be determined, and publisher locations are no longer needed (partly because this information has become less relevant, but also because many book publishers have multiple locations).

8판 저자 상한(폐기됨):

For articles with more than 10 authors, list the first 10 followed by “et al.”

8판 10명 저자 표본(Pizzi):

Pizzi C, Caraglia M, Cianciulli M, Fabbrocini A, Libroia A, Matano E, Contegiacomo A, Del Prete S, Abbruzzese A, Martignetti A, et al. Low-dose recombinant IL-2 induces psychological changes: monitoring by Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI). Anticancer Res. 2002;22(2A):727–732.

These 2 systems are identical except for the order in which the end references are listed. In both systems, numbers within the text refer to the end references.

In the citation–sequence system, the end references are listed in the sequence in which they first appear within the text. For example, if a reference by Smith is the first one mentioned in the text, then the complete reference to the Smith work will be number 1 in the end references. The same number is used for subsequent in-text references to the same document.

In the citation–name system, the end references are listed alphabetically by the first author’s surname. Multiple works by the same author are listed alphabetically by title.

Citation-sequence, 저자 3명:

Haasnoot M, Lawrence J, Magnan AK. Pathways to coastal retreat. Science. 2021;372(6548):1287–1290. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abi6594

Citation-sequence, 저자 5명 초과:

Ashraf M et al. Interaction between the distribution of diabetic retinopathy lesions and the association of optical coherence tomography angiography scans with diabetic retinopathy severity. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2020;138(12):1291–1297. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2020.4516

Name-year, 저자 2명:

Fauci AS, Lane HC. 2020. Four decades of HIV/AIDS—much accomplished, much to do. N Engl J Med. 383(1):1–4. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp1916753

본문 name-year, 저자 2명:

(Fauci and Lane 2020)

본문 name-year, 3명 이상:

(Haasnoot et al 2021)

Name-year 저자 상한(Quick Guide):

For articles with 3 to 5 authors, list all authors in the end reference; for articles with more than 5 authors, list the first author followed by “et al.” In either case, list only the first author followed by “et al” in the in-text reference.

Citation-sequence, 논문 번호이고 권 없음:

Liu L, Bai P, Liu C, Tian W, Liang K. Changes in extreme precipitation in the Mekong Basin. Adv Meteorol. 2020:8874869. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8874869

Name-year, 논문 번호:

Liu L, Bai P, Liu C, Tian W, Liang K. 2020. Changes in extreme precipitation in the Mekong Basin. Adv Meteorol. 8874869. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8874869

공식 citation-sequence, 권 있고 호 없음:

Kim KY, Kim BS. The effect of regional warming on the East Asian summer monsoon. Clim Dyn. 2020;54:3259–3277. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-020-05169-7

공식 citation-sequence, 호 더하기 증보:

Yohannes AM, Kaplan A, Hanania NA. Anxiety and depression in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: recognition and management. Cleve Clin J Med. 2018;85(2 Suppl 1):S11–S18. https://doi.org/10.3949/ccjm.85.s1.03

Name-year 동일 저자, 동일 연도(공식 2020a):

Lee SMC et al. 2020a. Arterial structure and function during and after long-duration spaceflight. J Appl Physiol. 129(1):108–123. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00550.2019

Name-year 동일 저자, 동일 연도(공식 2020b):

Lee SMC et al. 2020b. Efficacy of gradient compression garments in the hours after long-duration spaceflight. Front Physiol. 11:784. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2020.00784

본문 name-year, 두 저작:

(Lee et al 2020a, 2020b)

Watson JD, Crick FH. Molecular structure of nucleic acids: a structure for deoxyribose nucleic acid. Nature. 1953;171(4356):737–738. https://doi.org/10.1038/171737a0

Name-year, 저자 2명:

Reiss MJ, Ruse M. 2023. The new biology: a battle between mechanism and organicism. Harvard University Press.

본문 name-year:

(Reiss and Ruse 2023)

Citation-sequence, 번역서:

Klarsfeld A, Revah F. The biology of death: origins of mortality. Brady L, translator. Cornell University Press; 2003.

Citation-sequence, 번역자와 편집자(공식 미토콘드리아 제목):

Luzikov VN. Mitochondrial biogenesis and breakdown. Galkin AV, translator; Roodyn DB, editor. Consultants Bureau; 1985.

Citation-sequence 장, 저자가 다를 때:

Geisslitz S, Scherf K. The holy grail of ancient cereals. In: Boukid F, editor. Cereal-based foodstuffs: the backbone of Mediterranean cuisine. Springer; 2021. p 269–301.

Citation-sequence 장, 동일 저자:

Everard M. Ecosystem services: key issues. Routledge; 2017. Chapter 8, Regenerative landscapes: reversing the cycle; p 141–169.

Citation-sequence 온라인 단행본, 편집자 5명 초과:

Agarwal A et al, editors. Oxford handbook of clinical surgery. 5th ed. Oxford University Press; 2022. https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198799481.001.0001

Alberts B et al. Molecular biology of the cell. 7th ed. W. W. Norton & Company; 2022.

공식 citation-sequence 출간 예정 도서(Quick Guide, 아직 공개 중):

Kasper D et al. Harrison’s principles of internal medicine. 22nd ed. McGraw Hill Professional. Forthcoming 2026.

공식 name-year 출간 예정 도서:

Kasper D et al. Forthcoming 2026. Harrison’s principles of internal medicine. 22nd ed. McGraw Hill Professional.

공식 name-year 본문:

(Kasper, forthcoming 2026)

출간된 22판의 CSE 9 렌더링(Longo가 앞. 8명이므로 et al.):

Longo DL et al, editors. Harrison's principles of internal medicine. 22nd ed. McGraw Hill; 2025.

the best way to cite a GenBank record in a publication is to use the full accession.version identifier for the record.

그 NAR 논문의 CSE 9 렌더링(저자 7명이므로 et al.):

Sayers EW et al. GenBank 2025 update. Nucleic Acids Res. 2025;53(D1):D56–D61. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkae1114

Nucleotide [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US), National Center for Biotechnology Information; [1988] – . Accession No. NM_001349333.1, Homo sapiens FYN binding protein (FYB), transcript variant 4, mRNA; [cited YYYY Mmm DD]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NM_001349333.1

2026년 NCBI resources 논문의 CSE 9 렌더링(NAR 54(D1):D20–D27):

Sayers EW et al. Database resources of the National Center for Biotechnology Information in 2026. Nucleic Acids Res. 2025;54(D1):D20–D27. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkaf1060

BLAST 1990(저자 5명이므로 모두 적음):

Altschul SF, Gish W, Miller W, Myers EW, Lipman DJ. Basic local alignment search tool. J Mol Biol. 1990;215(3):403–410. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-2836(05)80360-2

Gapped BLAST / PSI-BLAST 1997(저자 5명 초과):

Altschul SF et al. Gapped BLAST and PSI-BLAST: a new generation of protein database search programs. Nucleic Acids Res. 1997;25(17):3389–3402. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/25.17.3389

BLAST+(NCBI 목록 연도는 2008. BMC는 2009. 저자 7명이므로 et al.):

Camacho C et al. BLAST+: architecture and applications. BMC Bioinformatics. 2009;10:421. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2105-10-421

ElasticBLAST(저자 5명이므로 모두 적음):

Camacho C, Boratyn GM, Joukov V, Vera Alvarez R, Madden TL. ElasticBLAST: accelerating sequence search via cloud computing. BMC Bioinformatics. 2023;24(1):117. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12859-023-05245-9

ImageJ(Nature Methods. 저자 3명):

Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW. NIH Image to ImageJ: 25 years of image analysis. Nat Methods. 2012;9(7):671–675. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.2089

실행한 것이 Fiji라면 Fiji(ImageJ 인용 페이지, doi:10.1038/nmeth.2019):

Schindelin J et al. Fiji: an open-source platform for biological-image analysis. Nat Methods. 2012;9(7):676–682. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.2019

공식 citation-sequence 프리프린트:

Lopez Bernal J et al. Effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines against the B.1.617.2 variant [preprint]. medRxiv 2021. https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.05.22.21257658

공식 name-year 프리프린트:

Lopez Bernal J et al. 2021. Effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines against the B.1.617.2 variant [preprint]. medRxiv. https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.05.22.21257658

이후 NEJM 논문의 CSE 9 렌더링(학술지를 읽었다면 이것을 인용):

Lopez Bernal J et al. Effectiveness of Covid-19 vaccines against the B.1.617.2 (Delta) variant. N Engl J Med. 2021;385(7):585–594. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2108891

공식 citation-sequence 학위논문:

Liang S. Transport properties of topological semimetals and non-symmorphic topological insulator [dissertation]. Princeton University; 2020. https://arks.princeton.edu/ark:/88435/dsp01vm40xv52n

공식 citation-sequence 조기 공개:

Corrigan TJ Jr, Businger S. The anatomy of a series of cloud bursts that eclipsed the US rainfall record. Mon Wea Rev. [published online ahead of print 2021 Dec 30]. https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-21-0028.1

Citation-sequence / citation-name 탭:

If no date of publication or update is available, include an access date.

Name-year 탭:

If no date of publication is available, use “date unknown” and include an access date.

공식 citation-sequence 날짜 있는 웹사이트(CDC. 잔존 URL은 지금 404):

Health equity considerations and racial and ethnic minority groups. US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Division of Viral Diseases; 2020 Apr 30 [updated 2022 Jan 25]. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/community/health-equity/race-ethnicity.html

공식 name-year 날짜 있는 웹사이트:

Health equity considerations and racial and ethnic minority groups. 2020 Apr 30. US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Division of Viral Diseases; [updated 2022 Jan 25]. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/community/health-equity/race-ethnicity.html

그 페이지의 공식 name-year 본문:

(Health equity . . . 2020)

공식 name-year 날짜 없는 지도:

Montrose Point Bird Sanctuary, Chicago, Illinois. [date unknown]. Google Maps; [accessed 2022 Jan 3]. https://goo.gl/maps/GJALYGBXFZ8TSGK5A

공식 name-year 본문:

(Montrose Point . . . [date unknown])

References to personal communications are placed in running text rather than as formal end references. Permission is usually required and should be acknowledged in an “Acknowledgments” or “Notes” section at the end of the document.

. . . local and systemic reactions were expected to be stronger after the second dose (2022 letter from TD Perez to author; unreferenced, see “Notes”) . . .

Not all forthcoming or unpublished sources are suitable for inclusion in reference lists. Check with your publisher if in doubt.