CSEスタイルで生物学の出典を引用する方法

引用–順序／引用–名前の雑誌テンプレート:

Author(s). Article title. Journal title. Date;volume(issue):location. URL

名前–年の雑誌テンプレート:

Author(s). Date. Article title. Journal title. Volume(issue):location. URL

引用–順序の書籍テンプレート:

Author(s). Title. Edition. Publisher; year of publication.

名前–年の書籍テンプレート:

Author(s). Date. Title. Edition. Publisher.

公式の引用–順序雑誌:

Haasnoot M, Lawrence J, Magnan AK. Pathways to coastal retreat. Science. 2021;372(6548):1287–1290. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abi6594

公式の名前–年雑誌:

Fauci AS, Lane HC. 2020. Four decades of HIV/AIDS—much accomplished, much to do. N Engl J Med. 383(1):1–4. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp1916753

公式の名前–年文中（著者2名）:

(Fauci and Lane 2020)

文中の引用–順序:

Coastal adaptation pathways are already in use.¹

The CSE Manual presents 3 systems for referring to references (also known as citations) within the text of a journal article, book, or other scientific publication: (1) citation–sequence, (2) name–year, and (3) citation–name.

A DOI-based URL (which starts with https://doi.org/), when available, should be preferred to any other form of URL.

For articles with more than 5 authors, list the first author followed by “et al.”

Journal titles are generally abbreviated according to the List of Title Word Abbreviations maintained by the ISSN International Centre.

One major change in the ninth edition is to the rule on the number of authors to list in end references to documents with 6 or more authors. Under the revised recommendation, only the first author should be named before using “et al,” instead of the first 5 authors.

Under the updated guidelines, access dates are recommended only for online sources for which the date of publication, copyright, or revision cannot be determined. Also removed from end references is the place of publication for book publishers, which has become less relevant because research works are easy to find online and because many book publishers have multiple locations.

The ninth edition recommends digital object identifiers (DOIs) as the preferred uniform resource locators in end references for online documents, when DOIs are available.

As of the ninth edition, the maximum number of authors listed is 5, and references with 6 or more authors should list only the first author followed by “et al.”

These 2 systems are identical except for the order in which the end references are listed. In both systems, numbers within the text refer to the end references.

In the citation–sequence system, the end references are listed in the sequence in which they first appear within the text. For example, if a reference by Smith is the first one mentioned in the text, then the complete reference to the Smith work will be number 1 in the end references. The same number is used for subsequent in-text references to the same document.

In the citation–name system, the end references are listed alphabetically by the first author’s surname. Multiple works by the same author are listed alphabetically by title.

引用–順序、著者3名:

Haasnoot M, Lawrence J, Magnan AK. Pathways to coastal retreat. Science. 2021;372(6548):1287–1290. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abi6594

引用–順序、著者5名超:

Ashraf M et al. Interaction between the distribution of diabetic retinopathy lesions and the association of optical coherence tomography angiography scans with diabetic retinopathy severity. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2020;138(12):1291–1297. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2020.4516

名前–年、著者2名:

Fauci AS, Lane HC. 2020. Four decades of HIV/AIDS—much accomplished, much to do. N Engl J Med. 383(1):1–4. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp1916753

文中の名前–年、著者2名:

(Fauci and Lane 2020)

文中の名前–年、3名以上:

(Haasnoot et al 2021)

名前–年の著者上限（Quick Guide）:

For articles with 3 to 5 authors, list all authors in the end reference; for articles with more than 5 authors, list the first author followed by “et al.” In either case, list only the first author followed by “et al” in the in-text reference.

引用–順序、論文番号で巻なし:

Liu L, Bai P, Liu C, Tian W, Liang K. Changes in extreme precipitation in the Mekong Basin. Adv Meteorol. 2020:8874869. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8874869

名前–年、論文番号:

Liu L, Bai P, Liu C, Tian W, Liang K. 2020. Changes in extreme precipitation in the Mekong Basin. Adv Meteorol. 8874869. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8874869

名前–年、同一著者・同一年（公式 2020a）:

Lee SMC et al. 2020a. Arterial structure and function during and after long-duration spaceflight. J Appl Physiol. 129(1):108–123. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00550.2019

名前–年、同一著者・同一年（公式 2020b）:

Lee SMC et al. 2020b. Efficacy of gradient compression garments in the hours after long-duration spaceflight. Front Physiol. 11:784. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2020.00784

文中の名前–年、両著作:

(Lee et al 2020a, 2020b)

Watson JD, Crick FH. Molecular structure of nucleic acids: a structure for deoxyribose nucleic acid. Nature. 1953;171(4356):737–738. https://doi.org/10.1038/171737a0

名前–年、著者2名:

Reiss MJ, Ruse M. 2023. The new biology: a battle between mechanism and organicism. Harvard University Press.

文中の名前–年:

(Reiss and Ruse 2023)

引用–順序、翻訳書:

Klarsfeld A, Revah F. The biology of death: origins of mortality. Brady L, translator. Cornell University Press; 2003.

引用–順序、翻訳者と編者（公式のミトコンドリア書名）:

Luzikov VN. Mitochondrial biogenesis and breakdown. Galkin AV, translator; Roodyn DB, editor. Consultants Bureau; 1985.

引用–順序の章、著者が異なる場合:

Geisslitz S, Scherf K. The holy grail of ancient cereals. In: Boukid F, editor. Cereal-based foodstuffs: the backbone of Mediterranean cuisine. Springer; 2021. p 269–301.

引用–順序の章、同一著者:

Everard M. Ecosystem services: key issues. Routledge; 2017. Chapter 8, Regenerative landscapes: reversing the cycle; p 141–169.

引用–順序のオンライン書籍、編者5名超:

Agarwal A et al, editors. Oxford handbook of clinical surgery. 5th ed. Oxford University Press; 2022. https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198799481.001.0001

Alberts B et al. Molecular biology of the cell. 7th ed. W. W. Norton & Company; 2022.

the best way to cite a GenBank record in a publication is to use the full accession.version identifier for the record.

Nucleotide [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US), National Center for Biotechnology Information; [1988] – . Accession No. NM_001349333.1, Homo sapiens FYN binding protein (FYB), transcript variant 4, mRNA; [cited YYYY Mmm DD]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NM_001349333.1

BLAST 1990（著者5名なので全員を書く）:

Altschul SF, Gish W, Miller W, Myers EW, Lipman DJ. Basic local alignment search tool. J Mol Biol. 1990;215(3):403–410. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-2836(05)80360-2

Gapped BLAST / PSI-BLAST 1997（著者5名超）:

Altschul SF et al. Gapped BLAST and PSI-BLAST: a new generation of protein database search programs. Nucleic Acids Res. 1997;25(17):3389–3402. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/25.17.3389

ImageJ（Nature Methods；著者3名）:

Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW. NIH Image to ImageJ: 25 years of image analysis. Nat Methods. 2012;9(7):671–675. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.2089

引用–順序のプレプリント:

Lopez Bernal J et al. Effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines against the B.1.617.2 variant [preprint]. medRxiv 2021. https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.05.22.21257658

名前–年のプレプリント:

Lopez Bernal J et al. 2021. Effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines against the B.1.617.2 variant [preprint]. medRxiv. https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.05.22.21257658

引用–順序の学位論文:

Liang S. Transport properties of topological semimetals and non-symmorphic topological insulator [dissertation]. Princeton University; 2020. https://arks.princeton.edu/ark:/88435/dsp01vm40xv52n

引用–順序／引用–名前タブ:

If no date of publication or update is available, include an access date.

名前–年タブ:

If no date of publication is available, use “date unknown” and include an access date.

公式の引用–順序、日付のあるウェブサイト（CDC）:

Health equity considerations and racial and ethnic minority groups. US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Division of Viral Diseases; 2020 Apr 30 [updated 2022 Jan 25]. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/community/health-equity/race-ethnicity.html

公式の名前–年、日付のあるウェブサイト:

Health equity considerations and racial and ethnic minority groups. 2020 Apr 30. US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Division of Viral Diseases; [updated 2022 Jan 25]. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/community/health-equity/race-ethnicity.html

そのページの公式名前–年文中:

(Health equity . . . 2020)

公式の名前–年、日付のない地図:

Montrose Point Bird Sanctuary, Chicago, Illinois. [date unknown]. Google Maps; [accessed 2022 Jan 3]. https://goo.gl/maps/GJALYGBXFZ8TSGK5A

公式の名前–年文中:

(Montrose Point . . . [date unknown])

References to personal communications are placed in running text rather than as formal end references. Permission is usually required and should be acknowledged in an “Acknowledgments” or “Notes” section at the end of the document.

. . . local and systemic reactions were expected to be stronger after the second dose (2022 letter from TD Perez to author; unreferenced, see “Notes”) . . .

Not all forthcoming or unpublished sources are suitable for inclusion in reference lists. Check with your publisher if in doubt.