كيفية الاستشهاد بمنشورات وسائل التواصل الاجتماعي بنمط APA 7

مرجع، منشور على X أو Instagram أو TikTok أو Bluesky باسم معروف:

Name, A. A. [@username]. (2020, March 4). First 20 words of the post [Image attached] [Post]. Platform. https://xxxxx

مرجع، منشور على Facebook (لا يُشترط معرّف):

Name, A. A. (2020, March 4). First 20 words of the post [Image attached] [Status update]. Facebook. https://xxxxx

مرجع، منشور على LinkedIn (استنتج التاريخ الذي يظهره LinkedIn):

Name, A. A. (2019, September). First 20 words of the post [Image attached] [Post]. LinkedIn. https://xxxxx

مرجع، اسم مستخدم فقط:

screenname. (2020, March 4). First 20 words of the post [Post]. Platform. https://xxxxx

مرجع، ملف شخصي على X أو Instagram أو Bluesky يتغيّر باستمرار:

Name, A. A. [@username]. (n.d.). Posts [X profile]. X. Retrieved March 4, 2026, from https://xxxxx

مرجع، ملف شخصي على TikTok مع وصف:

Name, A. A. [@username]. (n.d.). First 20 words of the profile description [TikTok profile]. TikTok. Retrieved March 4, 2026, from https://xxxxx

مرجع، ملف شخصي على TikTok بلا وصف:

Name, A. A. [@username]. (n.d.). [TikTok profile]. TikTok. Retrieved March 4, 2026, from https://xxxxx

استشهاد بين قوسين:

(Name, 2020)

استشهاد سردي:

Name (2020)

رسالة خاصة أو Story أو منشور محذوف غير قابل للاسترداد:

(A. A. Name, personal communication, March 4, 2026)

After Twitter's name changed to X in 2023, the term "post" replaced "tweet." As in the example, references to posts that predate the change should use the new terms, since that's what readers will see when they follow the link to the source.

URLs for X posts currently still include the twitter.com domain name.

Provide the first 20 words of the post as the title, in italics. Count a URL, a hashtag, or an emoji as one word each, and include them in the reference if they fall within the first 20 words. Do not italicize emojis.

If the post includes an image, a video, a poll, or a thumbnail image with a link, indicate that in square brackets after the title: [Image attached], [Video attached], [Thumbnail with link attached].

Include the description “[Post]” in square brackets after the title.

Present the name of the individual or group author the same as you would for any other reference. Then provide the X handle (beginning with the @ sign) in square brackets, followed by a period.

The format used for X is also used for Instagram and TikTok.

The format used for Bluesky is also used for Instagram, TikTok, and X.

Cite a temporary post (e.g., Facebook Story) or a livestream (e.g., Facebook Live) that is not archived by its hosting platform and cannot be retrieved by any other means (i.e., recorded and made available online via another hosting site) as a personal communication.

Works that cannot be recovered by readers are cited in the text as personal communications. Personal communications include emails, text messages, online chats or direct messages, personal interviews, telephone conversations, live speeches, nonarchived social media livestreams (e.g., Instagram Live, Twitter Spaces), unrecorded webinars, unrecorded classroom lectures, memos, letters, messages from nonarchived discussion groups or online bulletin boards, and so on.

مرجع، مؤلف فردي:

Gates, B. [@BillGates]. (2019, September 7). Today, it’s difficult for researchers to diagnose #Alzheimers patients early enough to intervene. A reliable, easy and accurate diagnostic would [Thumbnail with link attached] [Post]. X. https://x.com/BillGates/status/1170305718425137152

استشهاد بين قوسين:

(Gates, 2019)

استشهاد سردي:

Gates (2019)

مرجع، Common Reference Examples Guide (3 مارس 2026):

Obama, B. [@BarackObama]. (2024, May 17). Today marks 70 years since the Supreme Court handed down its landmark decision in Brown v. Board of Education, outlawing [Post]. X. https://x.com/BarackObama/status/1791540592238874953

استشهاد بين قوسين:

(Obama, 2024)

مرجع، مؤلف جماعي مع صورة:

CDC [@CDCgov]. (2020, June 11). Scientists do not know if having antibodies to the virus that causes #COVID19 can protect someone from getting infected again [Image attached] [Post]. X. https://x.com/CDCgov/status/1271180413134876672

استشهاد بين قوسين:

(CDC, 2020)

مرجع، هاشتاج وعنوان URL مختصر داخل عنوان الـ20 كلمة:

APA Databases [@APA_Databases]. (2020, September 2). We have curated a collection of journal articles from APA PsycArticles on #COVID19. View: https://bit.ly/2QrWj76 for recent coverage [Image attached] [Post]. X. https://x.com/APA_Databases/status/1301175576703664128

استشهاد بين قوسين:

(APA Databases, 2020)

مرجع، فيديو مرفق:

Prevention Institute [@preventioninst]. (2020, September 24). If you want to talk #health, you have to talk #racialjustice [Video attached] [Post]. X. https://x.com/preventioninst/status/1309211009039687680

In the case of a group identified by an abbreviation (as with the CDC example), use the group name as shown on the work, to aid in retrieval.

For tweet replies, do not include the “replying to” information; if that is important to note, do so within the in-text citation.

مرجع، علامة تبويب Posts:

APA Style [@APA_Style]. (n.d.). Posts [X profile]. X. Retrieved November 8, 2023, from https://x.com/APA_Style

مرجع، علامة تبويب Replies:

Jordan, M. B. [@michaelb4jordan]. (n.d.). Replies [X profile]. X. Retrieved January 9, 2020, from https://x.com/michaelb4jordan/with_replies

استشهاد بين قوسين:

(APA Style, n.d.)

X profiles begin on the “Posts” tab by default. If you want to cite one of the other tabs (“Replies,” “Highlights,” “Media,” or “Likes”), use the name of that tab rather than “Posts” in the title element of the reference.

مرجع:

News From Science. (2019, June 21). Are you a fan of astronomy? Enjoy reading about what scientists have discovered in our solar system—and beyond? This [Image attached] [Status update]. Facebook. https://www.facebook.com/ScienceNOW/photos/a.117532185107/10156268057260108/?type=3&theater

استشهاد بين قوسين:

(News From Science, 2019)

استشهاد سردي:

News From Science (2019)

Provide the first 20 words of the post as the title. Count a URL or other link, a hashtag, or an emoji as one word each, and include them in the reference if they fall within the first 20 words. Do not italicize emojis.

If a post includes images, videos, thumbnail links to outside sources, or content from another post (such as when sharing a link), indicate that in square brackets.

Describe the post type (e.g., “[Status update],” “[Video]”) in square brackets after any description of attached content.

Credit Facebook as the site name in the source element and then provide the URL of the post.

مرجع:

Community of Multiculturalism. (n.d.). Home [Facebook page]. Facebook. Retrieved October 14, 2020, from https://www.facebook.com/communityofmulticulturalism/

استشهاد بين قوسين:

(Community of Multiculturalism, n.d.)

Use the page title in the reference (e.g., “Home,” “About,” “Reviews”). Italicize the page title.

Include the notation “[Facebook page]” in square brackets.

Provide a retrieval date because the content is designed to change over time and is not archived.

مرجع، صورة:

Philadelphia Museum of Art [@philamuseum]. (2019, December 3). “It’s always wonderful to walk in and see my work in a collection where it’s loved, and where people are [Photograph]. Instagram. https://www.instagram.com/p/B5oDnnNhOt4/

استشهاد بين قوسين:

(Philadelphia Museum of Art, 2019)

مرجع، فيديو:

APA Public Interest Directorate [@apapubint]. (2019, June 14). Male depression is serious, but many men try to ignore it or refuse treatment. Different men have different symptoms, but [Video]. Instagram. https://www.instagram.com/p/BysOqenB1v7/?utm_source=ig_web_copy_link

استشهاد بين قوسين:

(APA Public Interest Directorate, 2019)

مرجع، علامة تبويب Posts:

Swift, T. [@taylorswift]. (n.d.). Posts [Instagram profile]. Instagram. Retrieved January 9, 2020, from https://www.instagram.com/taylorswift

مرجع، علامة تبويب IGTV:

National Geographic [@natgeo]. (n.d.). IGTV [Instagram profile]. Instagram. Retrieved December 8, 2019, from https://www.instagram.com/natgeo/channel/

مرجع، علامة تبويب Tagged:

United States Army [@usarmy]. (n.d.). Tagged [Instagram profile]. Instagram. Retrieved January 18, 2020, from https://www.instagram.com/usarmy/tagged/

مرجع، هايلايت:

The New York Public Library [@nypl]. (n.d.). The raven [Highlight]. Instagram. Retrieved January 6, 2020, from https://www.instagram.com/stories/highlights/17962199170163462/

استشهاد بين قوسين:

(Swift, n.d.)

Use the name of the profile page you want to cite in the title element of the reference (e.g., “Posts,” “IGTV,” “Tagged”).

Provide a retrieval date because the content is designed to change over time (users can add or remove stories from the highlight) and is not archived.

مرجع، مؤلف فردي (Style Center الحالي):

Cook, P. [@chemteacherphil]. (2021, September 17). Fighting fire with fire. #sciencetok #learnontiktok [Video]. TikTok. https://www.tiktok.com/@chemteacherphil/video/7008953610872605957

استشهاد بين قوسين:

(Cook, 2021)

استشهاد سردي:

Cook (2021)

مرجع، مؤلف جماعي:

Washington Post [@washingtonpost]. (2019, December 3). News is all around us #frozen #newsroom #newspaper [Video]. TikTok. https://www.tiktok.com/@washingtonpost/video/6765886712896818437

استشهاد بين قوسين:

(Washington Post, 2019)

Unlike other social media profile pages, the TikTok page does not have a “Home” or other tabs. For the title in the reference, use the first 20 words of the description (in the example, the title is “CEO of #RockTok”). Include the notation “[TikTok profile]” in square brackets.

If the profile page has no description in the bio, include only the bracketed description “[TikTok profile]” in the title element of the reference.

مرجع، ملف شخصي مع وصف:

The Rock. [@therock]. (n.d.). CEO of #RockTok [TikTok profile]. TikTok. Retrieved February 22, 2022, from https://tiktok.com/@therock

استشهاد بين قوسين:

(The Rock, n.d.)

مرجع، ملف شخصي بلا وصف:

Witherspoon, R. [@reesewitherspoon]. (n.d.). [TikTok profile]. TikTok. Retrieved February 18, 2022, from https://tiktok.com/@reesewitherspoon

استشهاد بين قوسين:

(Witherspoon, n.d.)

مرجع، منشور باسم معروف:

Little, J. [j450n_l]. (2018, December 12). I'm the first person in the world with a neural-enabled prosthetic hand. Using an specialized prosthetic and a device implanted [Online forum post]. Reddit. https://www.reddit.com/r/AMA/comments/a5jxbe/im_the_first_person_in_the_world_with_a/

استشهاد بين قوسين:

(Little, 2018)

مرجع، تعليق باسم معروف:

Gates, B. [thisisbillgates]. (2017, February 27). Philanthropy is small as a part of the overall economy so it can’t do things like fund health care or [Comment on the online forum post I’m Bill Gates, co-chair of the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. Ask me anything.]. Reddit. https://www.reddit.com/r/IAmA/comments/5whpqs/im_bill_gates_cochair_of_the_bill_melinda_gates/dea82mk/

استشهاد بين قوسين:

(Gates, 2017)

مرجع، تعليق باسم مستخدم فقط:

haffy-1223. (2018, September 12). What do you think while on the launchpad about to launch? [Comment on the online forum post I’m NASA astronaut Scott Tingle. Ask me anything about adjusting to being back on Earth after my first spaceflight!]. Reddit. https://www.reddit.com/r/IAmA/comments/9fagqy/im_nasa_astronaut_scott_tingle_ask_me_anything/e5v0027/

استشهاد بين قوسين:

(haffy-1223, 2018)

When the real name of the author is known, provide it first, in inverted format, followed by the screen name in brackets, as in the example.

When the real name of the author is not known, provide only the screen name without brackets.

Provide the title of the post in the title position, up to the first 20 words.

Provide up to the first 20 words of the comment; then write “Comment on the online forum post” and the full title of post on which the comment appeared (in italics and sentence case, enclosed within square brackets).

LinkedIn does not provide exact dates for posts; rather, it tells users how long ago the post was made. Use the date information provided on the post to infer as specific a date as possible for the reference.

مرجع، منشور جماعي بتاريخ كامل:

American Psychological Association. (2019, December 9). Last month, APA joined more than 40 national and international psychology organizations to explore ways to collaborate and use psychological [Thumbnail with link attached] [Post]. LinkedIn. https://www.linkedin.com/posts/american-psychological-association_how-psychologists-are-combating-climate-change-activity-6609801161937612800-GvdC

استشهاد بين قوسين:

(American Psychological Association, 2019)

مرجع، منشور فردي بالسنة والشهر فقط:

Goodwin, J. (2019, September). The best part of attending the American Psychological Association's 2019 Convention in Chicago this year was having the opportunity to [Image attached] [Post]. LinkedIn. https://www.linkedin.com/posts/jongoodwin3_apa2019-activity-6569581103441682432-CN98

استشهاد بين قوسين:

(Goodwin, 2019)

مرجع، صفحة LinkedIn:

John Tyler Community College. (n.d.). Home [LinkedIn page]. LinkedIn. Retrieved January 9, 2020, from https://www.linkedin.com/school/john-tyler-community-college/

استشهاد بين قوسين:

(John Tyler Community College, n.d.)

As with other social media sites, Bluesky officially refers to individual posts as “posts.” Include the description “[Post]” in square brackets after the title.

Bluesky profiles begin on the “Posts” tab by default. Use “Posts” in the title element by default (italicized); if you want to cite one of the other tabs (“Media,” “Videos”), use the name of that tab.

مرجع، منشور جماعي:

The Associated Press [@apnews.com]. (2026, April 10). Artemis II’s astronauts return to Earth, ending a record-breaking trip around the moon with a splashdown in the Pacific [Thumbnail with link attached] [Post]. Bluesky. https://bsky.app/profile/apnews.com/post/3mj6kfow3mi2l

استشهاد بين قوسين:

(The Associated Press, 2026)

مرجع، منشور فردي:

Ocasio-Cortez, A. [@aoc.bsky.social]. (2024, November 11). Earnest post, but: a thing I like here is it’s okay to have moments of happiness in public without being broadly scolded, and I believe that sustaining this kind of humanity will be very important as we resist fascism. We [Post]. Bluesky. https://bsky.app/profile/aoc.bsky.social/post/3lapo7x44ws2k

استشهاد بين قوسين:

(Ocasio-Cortez, 2024)

مرجع، علامة تبويب Posts:

The Associated Press [@apnews.com]. (n.d.). Posts [Bluesky profile]. Bluesky. Retrieved May 20, 2026, from https://bsky.app/profile/apnews.com

مرجع، علامة تبويب Media:

Ocasio-Cortez, A. [@aoc.bsky.social]. (n.d.). Media [Bluesky profile]. Bluesky. Retrieved May 13, 2026, from https://bsky.app/profile/aoc.bsky.social

مرجع، حزمة بداية:

Plant Editors [@planteditors.bsky.social]. (n.d.). Plant science journals, societies, & institutions [Starter pack]. Bluesky. Retrieved May 19, 2026, from https://go.bsky.app/Q9QiX9C

مرجع، حزمة بداية لمحو الأمية المعلوماتية:

Tattersall, A. [@andytattersall.bsky.social]. (n.d.). Here’s a list of folks I recommend you follow here [Information literacy starter pack]. Bluesky. Retrieved May 17, 2026, from https://bsky.app/starter-pack-short/TGT4Hne

مرجع، تغذية:

Hagan, A. [@dradawrites.bsky.social]. (n.d.). Academic writing [Bluesky feed]. Bluesky. Retrieved May 18, 2026, from https://bsky.app/profile/dradawrites.bsky.social/feed/aaab6trkxo6qa

استشهاد بين قوسين، ملف شخصي:

(The Associated Press, n.d.)

مرجع، منشور Threads عام:

Name, A. A. [@username]. (2020, March 4). First 20 words of the post [Post]. Threads. https://xxxxx

مرجع، ملف شخصي على Threads:

Name, A. A. [@username]. (n.d.). Posts [Threads profile]. Threads. Retrieved March 4, 2026, from https://xxxxx

مرجع، منشور Community:

Name, A. A. (2020, March 4). First 20 words of the Community post [Post]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/post/xxxxx

Cite only original content from social media sites such as Twitter, Facebook, Reddit, Instagram, Tumblr, LinkedIn, and so forth. If you used social media to discover content (e.g., you found a link to a blog post on Pinterest or Twitter) and you want to cite the content, cite it directly.

If you are not able to create the emoji, provide the emoji's name in square brackets, for example, "It doesn't get better than this [clapping hands] This actress deserves a [trophy]".

بين قوسين، مؤلف مسمّى:

(Gates, 2019)

سردي، مؤلف جماعي:

News From Science (2019) نشر تحديث الفلك في الأسبوع نفسه.

ملف شخصي:

(APA Style, n.d.)

ملف شخصي على TikTok بلا وصف:

(Witherspoon, n.d.)

منشور Bluesky:

(The Associated Press, 2026)

تعليق باسم مستخدم فقط:

(haffy-1223, 2018)

Story أو رسالة خاصة غير قابلة للاسترداد:

(A. A. Name, personal communication, March 4, 2026)