Ibid.
Also called: ibidem
A note-style abbreviation meaning “in the same place”, used to repeat the source cited in the immediately preceding note.
Ibid. is short for ibidem, “in the same place”. In a footnote system it saves you retyping a citation you gave one note earlier: note 12 gives the full reference, note 13 reads “Ibid., 47.”
Modern practice has moved against it. Chicago has discouraged it since the 17th edition, and the 18th edition (§13.37) recommends a shortened note instead — author surname, short title, page — because ibid. breaks the moment an editor inserts a note between the two, and because it is unhelpful to a reader landing mid-chapter. It also fails outright when the previous note cited more than one work.
Ibid. never appears in author–date or numeric styles. Repeating (Larsen, 2024) or [4] costs nothing, so there is nothing to abbreviate.
OSCOLA, the UK legal style, made the same break in its 5th edition (March 2026): ibid is no longer used, and every later citation gives the short name and the footnote number instead, as in Smith (n 4) 42. The 4th edition still allowed it in the footnote straight after the full citation.