Turabian In-Text Citations
Master Turabian (9th edition) in-text citations with this complete guide. Learn the correct format for every scenario, including single and multiple authors, direct quotes, and sources with missing information.
In-Text Citation Rules
Below are the Turabian in-text citation rules for every common scenario you will encounter when writing your paper.
Single Author
Notes-Bibliography: footnote — Smith, The Art of Research, 15. | Author-Date: (Smith 2024, 15)
Two Authors
Notes-Bibliography: Smith and Jones, Title, 15. | Author-Date: (Smith and Jones 2024, 15)
Three or More Authors
Notes-Bibliography: Smith et al., Title, 15. | Author-Date: (Smith et al. 2024, 15)
Direct Quote
Always include page numbers: footnote — Smith, Title, 15 | Author-Date — (Smith 2024, 15)
No Author
Shorten the title: footnote — "Art of Research," 15 | Author-Date — ("Art of Research" 2024)
No Date
Notes-Bibliography: Smith, n.d. | Author-Date: (Smith n.d.)
Quick Examples
Here are real-world Turabian in-text citation examples for different source types:
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Cite in Turabian Now →Frequently Asked Questions
- How do I format an Turabian in-text citation?
- For a single author in Turabian, use the format Notes-Bibliography: footnote — Smith, The Art of Research, 15. | Author-Date: (Smith 2024, 15). For two authors, use Notes-Bibliography: Smith and Jones, Title, 15. | Author-Date: (Smith and Jones 2024, 15). For three or more authors, use Notes-Bibliography: Smith et al., Title, 15. | Author-Date: (Smith et al. 2024, 15).
- How do I cite a direct quote in Turabian?
- For direct quotes in Turabian (9th edition), use the format: Always include page numbers: footnote — Smith, Title, 15 | Author-Date — (Smith 2024, 15).
- What if there is no author or no date in Turabian?
- When there is no author in Turabian, use: Shorten the title: footnote — "Art of Research," 15 | Author-Date — ("Art of Research" 2024). When there is no date, use: Notes-Bibliography: Smith, n.d. | Author-Date: (Smith n.d.).